大家论坛 www.topsage.com 27. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 17-18 as an example of a location where (A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established (C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
28. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists? (A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions (C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region (D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups 29. The word \(A) requested (B) caused (C) assisted (D) estimated
Questions 30-40
According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution
Line (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.
(5) Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
(10) In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move
from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the (15) idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in
(20) the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not
immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work 网上学习 共创奇迹! 大家网络 topsage 16/21
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(25) per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week
(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week (C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries (D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century
(A) remained constant (B) decreased slightly (C) decreased significantly (D) increased significantly
32. The word \(A) minimum. (B) example (C) possibility (D) standard
33. The word \(A) in the end
(B) for a brief period (C) from that time on (D) on occasion
34. The \(A) the 60-hour workweek
(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles
(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories (D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
35. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930's?
(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States. (C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek. (D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.
36. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ?
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大家论坛 www.topsage.com (A) To discourage workers from asking for increased wages (B) To establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek
(C) To allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers (D) To restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
37. The word \(A) required
(B) recommended (C) eliminated (D) considered
38. The word \(A) unmatched (B) irregular (C) unnecessary (D) unchangeable
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has been declining since the nineteenth century? (A) The half-day holiday (line 7) (B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14) (D) German metalworkers (line 21)
40. According to the passage, one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average annual amount of work to (A) 1,646 hours (B) 1,800 hours (C) 1,957 hours (D) 2,088 hours
Questions 41-50
The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private
Line collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the
(5) late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to (10) admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by 网上学习 共创奇迹! 大家网络 topsage 18/21
大家论坛 www.topsage.com British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most
(15) Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.
(20) In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of
handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts (25) design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,
(30) the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?
(A) Their naturalistic themes
(B) Their importance in museum collections (C) Their British origin
(D) Their role in an industrialized society
42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be (A) defenders of moral standards (B) creators of cheap merchandise (C) skilled workers (D) artists
43. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered ail of the following to be artists EXCEPT (A) creators of textile designs
(B) people who produce handmade glass objects
(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs, for furniture (D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of jewelry 44. The word \(A) respected (B) described (C) avoided (D) created
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大家论坛 www.topsage.com 45. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-class families usually were
(A) made by members of the family
(B) the least expensive objects in their homes (C) regarded as being morally uplifting (D) thought to symbolize progress
46. The word \(A) exposed (B) praised (C) believed (D) accepted
47. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT (A) the pride with which they were crafted (B) the complexity of their design (C) the long time that they lasted (D) the quality of their materials
48. The word \(A) conservative (B) considerable (C) constant (D) concrete
49. According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes (B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner (C) A decline of interest in art museum collections (D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects
50. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.
(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not react strongly
against mechanized processes.
(C) Handcrafted objects in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century did not use geometric designs.
(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from being surrounded by beautiful objects. 0010
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