2019年高考英语语法必考考点（7）：动词时态和语态含解析
李仕才
【考点解读】
一、动词的时态 1．一般现在时
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。
Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。 “Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”
—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.
(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。
My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.
(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。
The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday. 2．一般过去时
(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from
medical school.
(2)注意句型：was/were about to do ... when ...中when后从句的动词用过去式。 I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 3．现在完成时
常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, once/twice/three ...times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since等。主要用于以下几种情况：
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 —Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa. —Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.
Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.
(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。
①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句
This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time＋that从句
This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. ②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。 —When shall we restart our business? —Not until we have finished our plan. 4．过去完成时
(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for, since等构成的时间状语连用。
He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he had had it for a very long time.
We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.
(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think等。
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.
(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely ...when ...; no sooner ...than ...中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一……就……；刚……就……”。
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
5．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。
—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one. 6．现在进行时
表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。
You are always studying in the library. Why not have a picnic this afternoon? 7．过去进行时
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 —Did you catch what I said?
—Sorry. I was answering a text message just now. —Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
—No, I was doing my homework all day yesterday.
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。
—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. —I’m so sorry. But I was doing my homework. 8．现在完成进行时
(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。
The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。 Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere. 9．将来进行时
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。
—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?
二、动词的语态
英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成(以write为例) 时间 现在 一般时态 am/is/are written 进行时态 am/is/are being written was/were being written 完成时态 has/have been written had been written 过去 was/were written shall/will be written 将来 1.get＋过去分词表被动 They got married last week. He fell and got hurt. 2．主动形式表被动意义
(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等＋形容词/名词。
The dish tastes delicious. His plan proved (to be) practical.
(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut等，其主语往往是物。
—What about the books? —Books of this kind sell well. The door won’t open. The pen writes smoothly.
(3)be worth后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting.
(4)need, want, require, deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 Most house plants require regular watering.
三、解题技巧
动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占1—2道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。
1、识别标志词
如果题干中有标志性的时间状语，则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。 [例]More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
[解析] 此题有明显的时间标志词last year，提示我们应该使用一般过去时；句中的主语students是被送的对象，应该使用被动语态。答案为B。
动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语，请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语：
(1)一般现在时：often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。
(2)一般过去时：then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
(3)现在进行时：now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。 (4)过去进行时：then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
(5)现在完成时： recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等。
(6)过去完成时：before, by the end of last month/years…等。
(7)一般将来时：tomorrow, today, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。
(8)过去将来时：the following month, the next week等。
[命题角度及对策]高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时，常在题干中加入具体情