here/there/where+介词等古体词的释义及例子
在正规公文、法律文件中，经常会遇到由here/there/where+介词构成的副词。这些副词的使用突出地反映了中英语言习惯以至思唯方式的差异。其实， 这些副词并不能算是什么法律术语，也不应该是很以难掌握的。规则简单得很： here + prep. = prep. This/these there + prep. = prep. That/those where + prep. = prep. What/which
例如：
hereby = by (making) this (document, contract, deed, letter, etc. ) 在介绍信的开头， 经常会这样写：\中文常可译成“兹证明……”， 其实也就是 “I, by writing this letter, certify that...\
又如：
thereafter = after that (time, event, etc.)
the confidentiality shall remain in effect throughout the term of this contract and for a period of three years thereafter. 就是说保密条款在整个合同期以及合同期满后的三年内有效。里面的thereafter 就是 after the term of the contract.
再如：I enclose a notice wherein arrangements are detailed. 这里的\完全可以换成\
另外，还有一些组合，如：in respect of; in respect thereof
in respect of 释义: 关于 用法: 法律文件常用语，比about, concerning, as regards正式 in respect thereof 释义: 关于(上文已提及的事项) 用法: 例如表示“承包人已在其最终报表中，包括了对此事的索赔”，可以说“the contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement”，这里“in respect thereof”表示“in respect of the matters”。 语法：以上两个词组一般紧邻要修饰词之后
下列的就是这类副词，有常用的，也有些是极少用到的:
Hereafter, hereat, Hereby, Herein, Hereinabove, Hereinafter, Hereinbefore, Hereinbelow, Hereinto, Hereof, Hereon, Hereout, Hereto, Heretofore, Heretofore, Hereunder, Hereunto, Hereupon, Herewith
Thereafter, Thereagainst, Thereamong, Thereanent, Thereat, Thereby, Therefor, Therefore, Therefrom, Therein, Thereinafter, Thereinbefore, Thereinto, Thereof, Thereon, Thereout, Thereto, Theretofore, Thereunder, Thereunto, Thereupon, Therewith, Therewithal
Whereafter, Whereas, Whereat, Whereby, Wherefore, Wherefrom, Wherein, Whereinsoever, Whereinto, Whereof, Whereon, Whereout, Wherethrough, Whereto, Whereunder Whereuntil, Whereunto, Whereupon, Wherewith, Wherewithal
Hitherto
具体释义及例子
—.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：—般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据咱们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文：
特此证明，据咱们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料与数据，咱们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上 （4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商 参考译文：
本合同双方， 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 曰在中国 （地点），特签订本合同。 例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B). 注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。 （2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方 参考译文：
本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 曰订立。 二 hereof 英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以讲“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法：—般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof与thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。 例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof. 注释：
（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是`否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是`否 （2） the owner of the goods：货方 （3） without interruption：无间断地 （4） carrier：承运人
（5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause 参考译文：
不论港口习惯是`否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期曰与假曰（如承运人需要），无间断地提供与提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。 例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof,
cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings. 注释：
（1） foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者 （2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定 （4） legal entity：法人
（5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是`指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人与其他组织。 例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. 注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司 （2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司 （3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law （4）may be registered as：登记为 参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。 例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed. 注释：
（1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因