作业9.
写出溶解在γ-Fe中碳原子所处的位置,若此类位置全部被碳原子占据,那么试问在这种情况下,γ-Fe能溶解多少重量百分数的碳?而实际上在γ-Fe中最大溶解度是多少?两者在数值上有差异的原因是什么? 解答:
γ-Fe是fcc,八面体间隙尺寸大,故C的存在位置为八面体间隙。每个晶胞内有四个Fe原子,有4个八面体间隙,若全部被占满, 则原子百分数为:
4?C??100%?50%at 4?Fe??4?C? 重量百分数为:
4?12?100%?17.6%at
4?12?4?56而碳在γ-Fe中实际最大固溶度为2.11%wt。 因为碳原子半径0.077>八面体间隙(0.054nm)
故碳的溶入会引起γ-Fe晶格畸变,妨碍了碳原子进一步溶入。 rC=0.77? r八=0.535 ?
作业10:
若已知910℃时α-Fe和γ-Fe的晶格常数分别为, 试问γ-Fe在910℃转变为α-Fe时的体积是膨胀还是收缩,其体积变化率是多少? 解答:
910℃: α-Fe的aα=0.2892nm
γ-Fe的aγ=.3633nm α-Fe γ-Fe 从晶胞体积来看:α-Fe:Vα=a?=2个原子 γ-Fe:Vγ=a?=4个原子 在γ-Fe中4个原子所占体积=a?=0.36333=0.0835477 α-Fe中4个原子所占体积=2 Vα=2?0.28923=0.0483754
3330.36333?2?0.28923?100%?0.885% 体积变化率=30.3633
作业11:
试在一个立方晶系晶胞中确定O(0,0,0), A(1/2, 0, 1/2), B(1/2, 1/2, 0), C(0, 1/2, 1/2)四个点的位置,并写出由它们构成的正四面体各表面的晶面指数,以及各棱边的晶向指数。 解答:
各表面: OAB:(111) (原点1) (111) ABC:(111) (原点2) (111)
??????
OCA:(111) (原点3) (111) OBC:(111) (原点4) (111)
??????3??? 各棱边:OA:[101] AB:?011?
????? OB:[110] BC:?101?
????? OC:[011] BC:?110 ???1 ??C A o B 2 4
作业12:
已知碳原子半径为0.077nm, 在727℃时α-Fe原子半径为0.125nm, 在1148℃时,γ-Fe原子半径为0.129nm, 通过计算证明碳在γ-Fe中溶解度大于α-Fe中的溶解度。 解答:
fcc: 八面体 RB?0.414RA?0.414?0.129?0.053106nm?0.146a
Bcc: RB?0.154RA?0.154?0.125?0.01925nm?0.067a
Rc?0.077nm
作业13:
在立方晶胞中画出下列晶面与晶向,并指出相同指数的晶面与晶向的关系。(001)和 [001],(110)和 [110],(111)和 [111],(112)和 [112],(221)和 [221]. 解答: [112] [001] (001) (111) (112) (110) [110] [111]
作业14:
试计算体心立方晶格{100}, {110}, {111}等晶面的原子密度,以及[100], [110], [111]等晶向的原子密度,并指出其原子最密晶面和最密晶向。
晶胞类型 晶面 晶向
[100] [110] [111] (100) (110) (111)
11体心立方
112 221 ?2 ?3 aa22a3a6a?2aa?3 2a13 ?2a?2a?22
2a a 2a 2a 3a a a
21面心立方 2a 421 112a2 ?3?2?a 3 aa 232a3a62a?2 a13 2a?2a?
22
第二章 晶体结构的缺陷
Chapter 2 The Crystal Structure’s Defects
作业1:原版教材第180页第2题
2. Consider the FCC metal Cu, which has a lattice parameter a of 0.362nm. a. Calculate the length of the lowest-energy Burgers vector in this material. b. Express this length in terms of the radius of a Cu atom.
c. On which family of planes will slip occur in this material? Why? Solution:
0.362nm a. |b|2min=
2a?220.362nm?0.25597nm b. |b|2min=
2a?2r c. {111}. Because it needs the lowest energy to make dislocations slip on this family of planes.
作业2:原版教材第180页第3题
3. The lowest-energy Burgers vector in FCC Ag has length 0.288nm. Find the length of the unit cell edge in Ag. Solution: |b|2min=0.288nm=2a a?2?0.288nm
作业3:原版教材第181页第5题
5. A molybdenum (Mo) crystal has a Burgers vector of length 0.272nm. If the lattice parameter a in Mo is 0.314nm, determine whether Mo has the BCC or the FCC crystal structure. Solution:
If Mo has the FCC crystal structure, then: 0.272?22a a?2?0.272?0.3847
If Mo has the BCC structure, then: 0.272?So we know that Mo has the BCC structure.
作业4:原版教材第181页第12题
32a a??0.272?0.314 2312. Consider the 111 plane of an FCC crystal and a dislocation whose Burgers vector is parallel to
???110?. The dislocation itself is parallel to the intersection of 111 and (111).
??a. Give the Burgers vector of the dislocation.
b. Indicate the character of the dislocation. Solution:
??101?, the b). The intersection of ?111? and ?111? is ?101?, the angle between dislocation is parallel to this direction ? a). The Burgers vector of the dislocation is b?a110 2?111? t and b is 60°, so the character of dislocation is mixed dislocation.
也可计算: u-v+w=0 ?u=-w v=0, 最小整数为1,101or101。 u+v+w=0
作业5:原版教材第181页第13题
13. Show that the dislocation reaction given below is both vectorially proper and energetically favorable for a BCC metal: ?a2??111???a2?111?a?100? Solution: Vector:
[110] ??????a?111??a111?a?200??a?100? 222??The above dislocation reaction is vectorially proper.
a2222a2222a23??a2 ?6?a2 a?100Energy: 21?1?1?21?1?1?4222????b1?232a,b242?322a,b1?b242?322a?a2?b3 2So, the above dislocation reaction is energetically favorable.
The energy before the reaction is higher than that after reaction, and vectors before the