2015/09/22 07：15 am.
1.Why did the Spanish go to America in the 16th century?
By 1508, the Spanish held Puerto Rico and, in 5, explored Florida seeking a fabled fountain of youth. As early as 1540, a Spanish expedition into Arizona and New Mexico hoped to find ―El Dorado‖ and its seven cities of gold. These quests failed, but Spain got richer in land claims, including California (1542).
到1508年，西班牙人控制着波罗黎各（西印第安群岛懂不的岛屿），1513年，（西班牙人）
勘察了佛罗里达州，找寻传说中的青春泉（传说饮此泉水可恢复健康和青春）。早在1540年，一个西班牙探险队进入亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州，想要寻找传说中的宝山（理想中的黄金国）和它的七座黄金城。虽然这些探求失败了，但是西班牙取得了更多的土地所有权，包括（1542年取得的）加利福利亚州。
2.What led to the English colonization?
World markets determined the course of development in America in terms of shipping ports, agricultural production, industry, and workforce. The English established a line of colonies from Maine to Georgia.
世界市场决定了美国船运港口、农业生产、工业和劳动力的发展进程。 英国人建立了从缅因州到佐治亚州的殖民线。
3.What the “New world”a virgin land as the Europeans described it ?
European nations competed to control trade. Each needed a strong military and a rich treasury, which could be achieved through a favorable balance of trade, war and conquest, and colonies whose settlers fed raw materials to the manufacturing centers in the mother country. As nations sponsored enterprises to capture the New World, Indians were brought into a web of commercial relations that encircled the globe, becoming producers and consumers in a developing world market system. This trinity of trade, disease, and Christianity placed Indians on the edge of oblivion.
欧洲各国通过竞争来掌控贸易。通过良好的贸易不仅可以充实国库，而且可以使军事力量更为强大，并通过对外战争，掠夺战利品，使殖民地成为祖国的原材料供给中心。在国家的大力倡导下，各企业纷纷到美洲这一“新的世界”去捕捉印度人，把印第安人带入到了一个全球的商业关系之中，并让他们成为了这样一个正在发展的世界市场体系中的生产者和消费者。欧洲殖民者带来了贸易、疾病、和基督教，这样三位一体的局面让印第安人走到了遗忘的边缘。
4.What was the English policy toward Native Americans and what were its consequences?
With her rivals effectively neutralized, Britain tightened control over the colonies. Parliament increased taxes as a way to pay the enormous debt of ￡ 40 million accrued from the war and from stationing 0,000 soldiers along the frontier to protect the colonists from Indian attacks.
当殖民地增加，英国展开了和西班牙、法国争夺霸权的争斗。在帝国间第一次世界大战，1753-63，英国获得了加拿大和法国所占有的密西西比河东部和佛罗里达州。随着她的对手有效消解，英国加紧了对殖民地的控制。议会增加了税收，作为支付因战争和部署一万士兵于前线以保护殖民者免受印第安人袭击所产生的1亿4千万庞大债务的方法。
The taxes took many forms and the colonists responded bitterly to each and every one of them. Staging riots and breaking laws, colonists claimed the ―rights of Englishmen‖ to ―no taxation without representation.‖ Colonials advanced a conspiracy theory put forward by English Whigs during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and Thomas Jefferson argued that taxes and other recent events proved, ―a deliberate, systematical plot of reducing us to slavery‖ (quoted in G. Wood, 1969: 331).
税收有多种形式，殖民者向每一个人残酷回应。上演暴乱、违法，殖民者声称“英国人的权力”到“没有税收就没有代表”。殖民者推进了由英国辉格党在1688 年光荣革命提出的阴谋论，Thomas Jefferson争辩道，税收和其他最近事件证明， “是一个减少我们变成奴隶机会的蓄意系统计划”。