1.The Niagara Falls is in North America
群岛、海峡、山脉、瀑布做主语，谓语动词用复数 2.He was reading Mary`s letter in the room(所属关系) You can buy men`s shoes in this shop（限定关系） Mrs. Blake`s passport was lost（所属关系）
The enemy`s defeat brought the war to an end=the enemy was defeated （动宾关系 predicate-object relationship） 3.Few people know him, don`t they?
Few表示否定，反意疑问部分应该用肯定形式do they？
陈述部分是祈使句，反意疑问部分用will you, won`t you或would you
陈述部分是nobody, everybody等不定代词时，反意疑问部分一般用he，前面部分是否定意思，反意疑问部分要用肯定形式
当陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing等表示物的不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语用it
4.Do it right now(right是副词，修饰副词now)
That was a very funny film(副词very用来修饰形容词funny) I rather like my teacher(副词rather修饰谓语动词like) We walked about 6 miles(副词about修饰数词) 5.They had made a mess of the house变为被动语态： The house had been made a mess of (by them) A mess had been made of the house (by them)
6.The interviewers were impressed by the high calibre of the applicants for the job Calibre:the level of quality or ability that someone or something has achieved 7.Her career has embraced(拥抱、包括) a number of activities-composing（作曲）,playing and acting.
8.The operation could prolong(延长) her life by two or three years 9.John always feel sluggish first thing in the morning. Sluggish: move or operate more slowly than usual and with less energy or power
=inactive(不活跃的、停滞的)
10.The chief of surgery became committee chairman by virtue of（由于、凭借） seniority(资历) Seniority: the importance and power that a person has compared with others. 11.Our school did not break up for Christmas until mid-December.
Break up可以指“the school term ends and the students start their holidays” 12.The whole country was in suspense over the result of the elections In suspense:处于焦虑状态，悬而未决
13. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the -ING participle is used for emphasis
14. I wish I had two times his strength
当time表示倍数时，一般限于三倍或者以上的数，若表示两倍，通常用twice 15.What do you think has happened to her?（作主语） Who do you think the visiting professor is? （作表语） How much do you think he earns every month? （作宾语） How quickly would you say he would come? （作状语）
16.We are quite certain that we will get where in time（宾语从句，作be certain的宾语）
He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year（同位语从句，解释说明the fact）
She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning（宾语从句，作said的宾语）
It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten years（主语从句，it为形式主语，代替从句）
17.“Look at those pretty girls` skirts”is ambiguous（有歧义的、模棱两可的）,because it is not clear whether the girls or the skirts are “pretty” 18.It was really thoughtful（体贴的、关心的）of you to remember my birthday. 19.You can go to a travel agency and ask for a holiday brochure（度假手册）
20.The crowd went wild（狂热、发狂） as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage 21.John is up to his eyes in work at the moment. The underlined part means very busy
22.Victoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the supermarket. The underlined word means luck
By luck=by chance=by accident（碰巧） 23.Neither Julia nor I were going to the party
主语由neither...nor...连接，谓语动词的数通常遵循就近原则
24.many a修饰单数可数名词；few修饰复数可数名词；such后接单数可数名词时，需要加不定冠词a/an；只有the next既可以修饰单数可数名词，又可以修饰复数可数名词
25.My boss ordered that the legal documents be sent to him before lunch.
在表示“命令、建议、要求、提议”等意义词语之后的相关从句里，从句中谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。Order意为“命令”，后面的宾语从句中谓语动词必须使用虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形的”形式，同时，由于文件是被送，这里需要用被动语态。
26.she bought herself a pair of new shoes（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语，没有同位语）
27.The patterns of spoken language are distinct（有区别的、不同的） from those of writing
Be distinct of意为与...不同；distinctive意为“有特色的，与众不同的”；distinguished用作形容词时意为“卓越的”，如将其看作是动词的被动语态，则distinguish A from B意为“区分A和B”distinguishing意为“与众不同的” 28.I`d like to have a quiet word with his parents. Have a quiet word with sb.意为“与某人私下谈谈” 29.Mini-skirts first caught on（流行，风靡） in the 1960s
Catch out意为“使...原形毕露，抓住...的短处”；catch up意为“追上，赶上” 30.That outburst at the meeting was illustrative（用作说明，作为例证的） of his bad
temper
Explanatory=expository“解释的，说明的”，意在使人容易理解；revealing“发人深省的”
31.The earthquake refugees are badly off（缺少，穷困） for food and blankets Desirous意为“渴望”，通常与介词of搭配
32.not so much...as...意为“与其说是...倒不如说是...” 33.A bit of通常修饰不可数名词
34.There being nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.
There being是分词的独立主格结构，在句子中作状语
35.Bottles from this region sell wholesale（批发销售） at about $50 a case 36.Civic（城镇的、城市的、市民的） and business leaders were delighted at the decision to hold the national motor fair in the city.
37.His unfortunate appearance was offset by an attractive personality .The underlined part means all the following except improved（提高、改善）
38.The doctor said that the gash（伤口） in his cheek requires ten stitches. The underline part means cut
39. To mark its one hundredth anniversary, the university held a series of activities including conferences, film shows, etc. The underline part means celebrate.
40.His fertile（肥沃的、能生产的） mind keeps turning out new ideas. The underline part means productive.
41. She is better speaker than any boy in the class.
指在同一范围内除了某人或某物以外的所有其余的人或事物，用“the other+复数名词”；指在同一范围内除了某人或某物以外的任何一个人或事物，用“any other+单数名词”或者“any of the other+复数名词”；相比较的两者不在同一范围或不属于同一类别时，则不用other，此时any与单数可数名词搭配，相当于every，表示全体中的“任何一个”
42.This is one of the issues that deserve mentioning.
Deserve后面所接的动词表示主动意义，用不定式的主动式to do；若后面所接的动词表示被动意义，则用不定式的被动式to be done或者动名词doing（即用主动形式表示被动意义）
43.Had it not been for your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.
在if引导的虚拟条件句中，句型if it hadn`t been for表示与过去的事实相反，意为“要不是，若非”，当虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were，should或had时，可省略if，把were，should或had挪至从句句首，构成倒装结构。若从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should或had等缩略成weren’t，shouldn’t或hadn`t置于句首
44. The sentence I wish I had been more careful in spending money expresses the speaker`s regret.
动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔，从句谓语用过去完成时或would/could have done；若对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，从句谓语用would/could do.
45.“I am leaving the country soon,”he told a specially convened group of reporters. Especially意为“尤其、特别是”，相当于in particular，表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性上超过其他事物，多用于正式文体；particularly意为“特别地”，往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物；specially意为“特意地，专门地”，相当于on purpose。表示为了某一特定目的而“特意”或“专门”采用某一方式做某事； Specifically意为“明确地，具体地”，相当于in detail，给出详细的信息 46.Politics are the art or science of government.
主谓一致遵循语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。以-s结尾的学科名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式
47.He is not the man to draw back. （主谓关系） Larry has a large family to support. （动宾关系）
Tony hit his back the urge to tell a lie（.同位语 appositive相当于对先行词的解释说明）