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选修八 Unit4 Pygmalion
Period3 Grammar
一、教学内容分析
分词作状语是高考考查的热点和重要考点，其热点考查内容如下：
过去分词兼有动词?副词和形容词的特征。 过去分词作状语时，表示被动的或已完成的动作，在句中可作时间?原因?条件?让步?方式?伴随状语等。掌握过去分词作状语可从以下几个方面考虑。
二、教学重、难点
1. 过去分词作状语的构成； 2. 过去分词的不规则变化的识记； 3. 复习独立主格；
4. 过分分词作状语与现在分词作状语的区别。
三、教学过程 Step1: lead in
The teacher walked into the office, followed by a few students.(伴随或方式状语) Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like an elephant.(时间或条件状语)
Step2:presentation
1. 过去分词作状语时与句子的主语的关系
1）过去分词作状语时，过去分词与主句中的主语形成逻辑上的被动关系，有时也表示动作已完成。 例如： Seen in the dark night，lights on top of tall buildings look like stars in the sky.
(seen表示被动，分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生) Scolded by the teacher，the girl began to cry.
被老师责怪，女孩哭了起来。(scolded表示被动且动作已完成)
2）有些过去分词已经形成了系表结构，因此他们作状语时与主句的主语之间是逻辑上的主动关系，但仍然用过去分词形式。例如：
Lost in thought， she nearly ran into a tree. 陷入沉思，她差点撞到树上。
(lost意为“迷失的”，与逻辑主语连接起来相当于Because she was lost…，作原因状语)与lost类似的过
去分词还有disappointed， dressed， determined， devoted， tired， exhausted， prepared， seated，
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caught等。
Step3: 过去分词作状语时在句中的位置
作状语的过去分词或短语可置于句子的前?后或中间，但是必须用逗号隔开以便与主句分开。 The PE teacher stood in the middle of the playground， surrounded by a group of students. 那位体育老师站在操场中间，被一群学生围着。(过去分词作伴随状语)
Step4: 过去分词作状语与状语从句的变换
过去分词作状语在功能上相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间?原因?条件?方式?伴随?让步等。所以经常会遇到过去分词前带有once， when， while， if， as if， even if， though， unless等连词，我们将这种结构看成在连词与过去分词之间省略了与主句相同的主语和系动词be。例如： Once published, this book will be popular with the students. =Once it is published，this book will be popular with the students.
这本书一旦出版，它将会受到学生们的欢迎。(过去分词作时间状语。注：分词前once可省略)
Step5: 过去分词作状语时的具体用法
1．过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如：
Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head. 当他被问问题的时候,他低下了头。
2．过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：
Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 因为害怕老虎, 这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
3．过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given (If we were given) more time, we could do it better. 如果给我们更多时间的话，我们可以做得更好。 注意：此句中的given在许多语法书中作为介词处理。 4．过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如： Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all. 虽然John被单独留在房间里, 他一点都不害怕。 5．过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如：
The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students.
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老师进入教室，后面跟着一帮学生。
Step6： 独立主格结构
如果句中过去分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这时必须在过去分词前加上主格的逻辑主语。这就叫作独立主格结构。例如：
The town seen from the hill，we can see it more clearly.=If the town is seen from the hill, we can see it more
clearly.
如果从山上看这座城市，我们能看得更清楚。
Everything taken into consideration，the party was a success. 将所有的事情考虑在内，晚会算是成功的。
(taken的逻辑主语不是the party，所以添加其真正的主语everything)
Step7: 现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别
分词作状语时，通常放在句首，并且用逗号与主句隔开。同时，分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致，也就是说在确定选择现在分词还是过去分词时，要判断主句主语与分词中心词的关系。如果句子的主语是动词-ing形式所表示的动作的发出者（即表主动或正在进行），分词形式选用现在分词；如果句子的主语是动词-ed形式所表示的动作的承受者时（即表被动或完成），分词形式选用过去分词。 例：1, _______, I stretched my hand out for it.
A. I saw the book I wanted on the shell B. The book I wanted was on the shell C. Seeing the book lying across the desk D. Lying on the desk
分析：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知句子的主语I只能与see保持一致。 如果选A, 该句中没有连词，没能构成并列句和主从复合句，此时要选用非谓语动词形式。所以选C
2. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
分析：“Seen from the hill” 是过去分词作状语。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知，“the park”是“Seen from the hill”的逻辑主语，它们之间表示被动关系，所以分词形式用seen. 二．确立句子主语可能是谁
确立句子主语可能是谁时，仍然遵循分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致的原则。反过来要根据分词形式确立句子主语。
例：Having been attacked by terrorists, _________.
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warning were given to tourists
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分析: 本题仍考查非谓语动词的用法。句中“Having been attacked by terrorists”是现在分词作状语。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。根据这一原则，可知“受攻击”的应是“the tall building”, 即“Having been attacked”的逻辑主语是“the tall building”.句意为“大楼因为受到恐怖分子的袭击而倒塌”. 答案: B
step8: practice
1._______with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
2. When first ______to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
3. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _____ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
4. _____ the interview, the manage went to his office, _____ by the interviewer. A. Having finished, followed B. Finished, followed
C. Finishing, following D. Being finished, being following 5. Finding her car stolen, _____. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. It was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help Key: 1-5 DBAAD
Homework:
1. Though ____ of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. A. warning B. to warn C. warn D. warned
2. ____ from this point of view, the question will be of great importance. A. Considering B. Considered C. Being considered D. Consider 3. ____ and ____, they ran out of the room.
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A. Being excited；happily B. Exciting；happy C. Exciting；happily D. Excited；happy
4. ____ deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. A. Buried B. Burying C. To bury D. Being buried 5. If ____ green，the door might look more beautiful. A. paint B. painted C. painting D. to paint 6. Eva， ____ in Canada, lived and practiced law in America.
A. was born B. he was born C. although born D. being born
7. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, ____ completely to the outside world. A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost 8. Everything ____, it wasn’t a bad holiday.
A. considering B. considered C. to consider D. consider 9. ____ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing 10. When first ____ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced 11. ____, the old man is living a happy life.
A. Taking good care B. Taken good care C. Having taken good care D. Taken good care of 12. He was sitting there, ____ in deep thought. A. lose B. lost C. loss D. losing 13. We are certain that everything will go well as ____.
A. to be planned B. planned C. being planned D. having been planned 14. ——What’s wrong?
——I want to know why you didn’t do as ____. A. to be told B. telling C. told D. told to 15. When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed Key(3)：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.A
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