——加强对话与交流。加强能源出口国、消费国和中转国之间的对话和交流，是开展能源国际合作的基础。国际社会应进一步密切双多边关系，加强在提高能效、节能环保、能源管理、能源政策等方面的对话交流，完善国际能源市场监测和应急机制，深化在信息交流、人员培训、协调行动等方面的合作。
——开展能源务实合作。各国应秉持互利共赢、共同发展的原则，开展国际能源资源勘探开发互利合作，丰富和完善合作机制与手段，增加全球能源供应，促进供应渠道的多元化。共同稳定大宗能源产品价格，保障各国用能需求，维护能源市场正常秩序。发达国家应从人类可持续发展的高度，在保护知识产权的前提下，积极向发展中国家和不发达国家提供、转移清洁高效能源技术，共同推动全球绿色发展。国际社会应携手努力，帮助最不发达国家消除能源贫困，扩大能源服务，促进可持续发展。
——共同维护世界能源安全。公平合理的国际能源治理机制是维护世界能源市场稳定的重要条件。各国应加强合作，共同维护能源生产国和输送国，特别是中东等产油国地区的局势稳定，确保国际能源通道安全和畅通，减少地缘政治纷争对全球能源供应的干扰。通过对话与协商的方式，解决重大国际能源问题，不应把能源问题政治化，避免动辄诉诸武力，甚至引发对抗。
结 束 语
能源是中国全面建设小康社会、实现现代化和富民强国的重要物质基础。中国将努力解决好能源问题，坚定不移地走能源可持续发展道路。
今后一段时期，中国仍将处于工业化、城镇化加快发展的阶段，发展经济、改善民生的任务十分艰巨，能源需求还会增加。作为一个拥有13亿多人口的发
展中大国，中国必须立足国内增加能源供给，稳步提高供给能力，满足经济平稳较快发展和人民生活改善对能源的需求。
能源安全是全球性问题，绝大多数国家都不可能离开国际合作而获得能源安全保障。中国能源发展取得的成就，与世界各国友好合作密不可分。中国未来的能源发展更需要国际社会的理解和支持。有十几亿人口的中国走能源可持续发展道路，这是人类能源发展史上新的探索和实践。中国过去不曾、现在没有、将来也不会对世界能源安全构成威胁。中国将在平等互惠、互利共赢的原则下，进一步加强与各能源生产国、消费国和国际能源组织的合作，共同推动世界能源的可持续发展，维护国际能源市场及价格的稳定，确保国际能源通道的安全和畅通，为保障全球能源安全和应对气候变化作出应有贡献。
China's Energy Policy 2012
The Information Office of the State Council, or China's cabinet, on Wednesday published the 2012 edition of white paper on the country's energy policy.
Following is the full text: China's Energy Policy 2012 Information Office of the State Council
The People's Republic of China
October 2012, Beijing
Contents
Preface
I. Current Energy Development
II. Policies and Goals of Energy Development III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation IV. Vigorously Developing New and Renewable Energy V. Promoting Clean Development of Fossil Energy VI. Improving Universal Energy Service VII. Accelerating Progress of Energy Technology VIII. Deepening Institutional Reform in the Energy Sector IX. Strengthening International Cooperation in Energy Conclusion
Preface
Energy is the material basis for the progress of human civilization and an indispensable basic condition for the development of modern society. It remains a major strategic issue for China as the country moves towards its goals of modernization and common prosperity for its people.
Since China adopted the policy of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, its energy industry has made great advances. China is now the world's largest energy producer. It has built up a comprehensive energy supply system comprising coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources. Its universal energy service and civil energy use conditions have markedly improved. Its thriving energy industry provides a guarantee for the country to reduce poverty, improve the people's livelihood and maintain long-term, steady and rapid economic development.
However, China's energy development still faces many challenges. The country's energy resource endowment is not high and its per-capita share of coal, petroleum and natural gas is low. Its energy consumption has grown too quickly in recent years, increasing the strain on energy supply. Fossil energy resources have been exploited on a large scale, causing a certain amount of damage to the eco-environment.
To curb excessive consumption of energy resources and achieve the comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of the economy, society and ecology, China keeps strengthening its efforts in energy conservation and emission reduction, and strives to raise the efficiency of energy utilization. As a result, energy consumption per unit of GDP has been decreasing year by year. China will continue to take the Scientific Outlook on Development as its guiding principle, and work hard to transform its development pattern, giving prominence to building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society. It relies on scientific, technological and system innovation to raise efficiency in all aspects of energy utilization, further develops new and renewable energy resources, and promotes the clean and efficient development and utilization of fossil energy resources. The country endeavors to build a modern energy industry which is secure, stable, economical and clean, in order to provide a solid guarantee for bulding a moderately prosperous society in all respects and make greater contributions to the world's economic development.
I. Current Energy Development
Since the reform and opening-up policy was introduced, China's energy industry has witnessed rapid growth, achieving comprehensive development of coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources, making important
contributions to the long-term, steady and rapid growth of the national economy and the sustained improvement of living standards.
-- Remarkable enhancement of energy supply capability and security. In 2011, the output of primary energy equaled 3.18 billion tons of standard coal, ranking first in the world. Of this, raw coal reached 3.52 billion tons; crude oil, 200 million tons; and refined oil products, 270 million tons. The output of natural gas ballooned to 103.1 billion cu m. The installed electricity generating capacity reached 1.06 billion kw, and the annual output of electricity was 4.7 trillion kwh. A comprehensive energy transportation system has developed rapidly. The length of oil pipelines totaled more than 70,000 km, and the natural gas trunk lines exceeded 40,000 km. Electric power grids were linked up throughout the country, and electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more totaled 179,000 km. The first phase of the national petroleum reserve project was completed, and the country's emergency energy-supply capability keeps improving.
-- Conspicuous achievements in energy conservation. China vigorously promotes energy conservation. During the 1981-2011 period, China's energy consumption increased by 5.82 percent annually, underpinning the 10 percent annual growth of the national economy. From 2006 to 2011, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped by 20.7 percent, saving energy equivalent to 710 million tons of standard coal. The state implemented a series of energy-saving renovations, such as of boilers, electrical machinery, buildings and installation of green lighting products. The gap between the overall energy consumption of China's high energy-consuming products and the advanced international level is narrowing. The energy utilization efficiency of new projects in the heavy and chemical industries, such as non-ferrous metals, building materials and petrochemicals, is up to the world's advanced level. The country has eliminated small thermal power units with a total generating capacity of 80 million kw, saving more than 60 million tons of raw coal annually. In 2011, coal consumption of thermal power supply per kwh was 37 grams of standard coal lower than in 2006, a decrease of 10 percent.
-- Rapid development in non-fossil energy. China has made energetic efforts in developing new and renewable energy resources. In 2011, the installed generating capacity of hydropower reached 230 million kw, ranking first in the world. Fifteen nuclear power generating units were put into operation, with a total installed capacity of 12.54 million kw. Another 26 units, still under construction, were designed with a total installed capacity of 29.24 million kw, leading the world. The installed generating capacity of wind power connected with the country's power grids reached 47 million kw, ranking top in the world. Photovoltaic power generation also reported speedy growth, with a total installed capacity of 3 million kw. Solar water heating covered a total area of 200 million sq m. The state also expedites the use of biogas,