2016年北航基础物理实验研究性报告 - 密立根油滴实验

研究性实验报告

密立根油滴实验

第一作者姓名 第一作者学号 第二作者姓名 第二作者学号

2016年5月10日

摘要

密立根油滴实验是美国物理学家密立根所做的测定电子电荷的实验。作为近代物理的代表性实验之一，其设计思想、实验方法等方面具有深入学习的价值。本文首先介绍了密立根油滴实验的实验原理、实验仪器、数据处理和不确定度计算，再针对实验中一些问题进行探讨，同时提出一些可行的改进方法，最后对实验感想及体会进行总结。

关键词：密立根油滴实验，实验原理，数据处理，实验改进，感想及体会

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Abstract

The Millikan oil drop experiment was performed by American physicistRobert A. Millikan to measure the charge of the electron. As one of the representative experiments of modern physics, its design concept as well as experimental methods has great value of in-depth study. This paper firstintroduces the experiment principle, equipment, data processing and uncertainty calculations of this experiment. Then some questions and practicable solutions are discussed. The last part of this paper is about some experience and thoughtsin this experiment.

Keywords：Millikan oil drop experiment, experiment principle, data

processing, practicable solutions, experience and thoughts

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目录

一、引言 ............................................................................................................... 1 二、实验要求 ....................................................................................................... 1 三、实验原理 ....................................................................................................... 2 四、实验仪器 ....................................................................................................... 4

（一）油滴盒................................................................................................ 4 （二）电路箱................................................................................................ 6 五、实验内容 ....................................................................................................... 7

（一）准备工作............................................................................................ 7 （二）开机使用............................................................................................ 7 （三）测量练习............................................................................................ 8 （四）正式测量............................................................................................ 8 六、实验数据记录及处理 ................................................................................... 9

（一）原始数据记录.................................................................................... 9 （二）说明.................................................................................................. 10 （三）计算及分析...................................................................................... 10

1、倒过来验证法 ................................................................................................... 10 2、作图法 ............................................................................................................... 16

（四）两种数据处理方法对比.................................................................. 17 七、讨论与思考 ................................................................................................. 17

（一）对实验中误差来源的分析 ............................................................. 17

1、理论误差 ........................................................................................................... 17 2、测量误差 ........................................................................................................... 17 3、统计误差 ........................................................................................................... 18

（二）实验过程中应该注意的一些问题 ................................................. 18

1、密立根油滴仪水平调节 ................................................................................... 18 2、选取大小合适、下落时间合适的油滴 ........................................................... 19

（三）对实验方法、实验内容或实验仪器的改进意见与建议 ............. 19

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1、增加油滴带电几率 ........................................................................................... 19 2、增加油滴下落时的缓冲距离 ........................................................................... 20

八、实验感想 ..................................................................................................... 20

（一）实验后的感想、收获、体会、意见或建议 ................................. 20 （二）教学改革或任课教师的评价、意见和建议 ................................. 21 九、参考文献 ..................................................................................................... 22 十、附录 ............................................................................................................. 23

（一）原始数据记录纸 ............................................................................. 23

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