外文原文：
Contingencies accounting treatment of the
discussion
Abstract
In recent years, developed and modern enterprise system's establishment unceasingly along with our country market economy, the enterprise faces such as the pending action, the unsettled arbitration, the bill discount, the security for loan and so on or has the item to be getting more and more. Under the market economy environment, enterprise's production and operating activities can receive the numerous elements of certainty the influences, thus has produced each kind or has the item.
Or has the item to take the special uncertainty item, is the uncertainty accountant's important content. Either has the item to take the special uncertainty item, along with our country socialist market economy development, either has the item to exist generally in enterprise's operative activity, the information as well as operating decisions' influence is also getting bigger and bigger to financial inventory accounting, how to process, the reasonable disclosure correctly or have the item to receive the general investors and the management value more and more.
This article from or had the item concept and the characteristic and so on basic content has carried on the analysis, has analyzed either has the item disclosure form, how the enterprise to or has item accountant to process the existence the question as well as to consummate the enterprise to or has item accountant to process and so on aspects to conduct some related research and the analysis. Should strengthen from our country Government Department concerned to either has item accountant to deal with the issue the research and the enterprise finance and accounting personnel should also enhance unceasingly to or has item accountant aspects and so on question theory level of understanding and practice operation ability proposed some rationalization proposal. Or has the item to take one kind of latency immediate influence enterprise's continually management and to develop, therefore we must treat processing earnestly.
Key words: Or has the item Accountant processes the estimate debt Refers to the contingencies of past transactions or events, and its results must be formed by some future events happening or not occur can decide uncertain matters. Common or have matters including: pending litigation or arbitration, debt guarantees,
outstanding product quality assurance (including product safety guarantee), loss contract, the reorganization of obligation, commitments, environment pollution treatment, etc.
2.1 contingencies confirmation
Usually, the contingencies produced two party or parties involved, the relationship between the obligations and power is related to the symmetrical, which means it is compulsory matters either, for the other party (or more) is rights issues. But, as uncertainty contingencies of enterprise accounting matters, the impact of uncertainties, there also is what do not accounting for the prudence principle for uncertain obligation, want to accord with certain conditions should confirm; And for the rights of uncertainty, do not grant to confirm. According to the different degree of uncertainty, the contingencies can be divided into four kinds of cases. Confirmed
1. Recognized as liabilities or matters
And the relevant obligations contingencies shall accord with the following three conditions in and is recognised as a liability, as when an estimated debts of identifying and measuring:(1)the obligation is to the enterprise bear current obligation;(2)the performance of the obligations are likely to result in an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise;(3)the amount of the obligation can be measured in a reliable way.
First, this obligation is to the enterprise bear current obligation for contingencies, namely the obligation is related in enterprise current conditions have obligations, the enterprise did not other counties choice, can perform this present obligations. Citcc obligations including statutory obligations and presumed obligations. Legal obligation, refers to contract, rules and regulations, or other because the obligation generated from judicial interpretations, etc, usually namely enterprise in economic management and economic coordination, according to economic laws and regulations must fulfill responsibilities. Presumed obligation, refers to the specific actions by enterprise generated obligations. Second, perform contingencies related with the present obligations, lead to the possibility of an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise more than 50%, but have not yet reached the basic is the degree of uncertainty. Third, contingencies related with the current obligations to reasonably estimate.
If a contingencies related obligations cannot meet the three conditions is recognised as a liability, enterprise should be recognized as a contingent liability.
2. Confirm contingencies for assets
The contingencies or assets formed only in enterprise is virtually certain that the case, just received turn into real assets, thus affirm. Accordingly, to confirm the contingencies for assets is fairly high requirements. Enterprise to the provisions of the accounting system is, if for contingencies and pay the expenses necessary for the confirmation of liabilities in whole or in part by third party or other parties expected, the amount of compensation for the compensation in basic sure can only when received, confirmed and as an asset on the balance sheet separately in the amount of compensation, the confirmed must not exceed the confirmation of the book value of the debt.
3. Confirm or assets for contingencies
For all contingencies may cause by increases in assets, besides basic certain anticipated by third party or the other party compensation contingencies outside, the rest all may cause the increases in assets have been confirmed the contingencies for an enterprise's or have assets.
2.2 The measurement contingencies
When contingencies related with the obligation of the condition is recognised as a liability symbols when it shall be recognized as an estimated debts, estimated debts shall, in accordance with the expenses necessary for the performance of the current obligation for the initial measurement of the best estimate. In addition, the enterprise liquidation of an estimated debts from a third party for the necessary expenses may also get compensation or other party.
1. The best estimate method to determine as follows
The estimated debts shall, in accordance with the expenses necessary for the performance of the current obligation for the initial measurement of the best estimate. To determine the best estimate shall be respectively two kinds of circumstance processing required spending: first, there is a continuous range. And this range results are equally likely to occur, the best estimate shall be determined in accordance with the range of intermediate value, namely the average amount of upper affirmatory. Second, the necessary expenses does not exist a continuous range, or even though there is a continuous range, but this range results the likelihood of the different, so, if the contingencies of individual projects, involving the most likely best estimate determined according to the amount. If the contingencies, involving multiple projects in accordance with the best estimate of possible outcomes and the relevant probability calculation sure.
2. Can obtain compensation expected the processing
If the enterprise incurred due to the contingencies and confirm the expenses necessary for the debt in whole or in part by third party or other parties expected amount of compensation, the compensation in basic sure can only when received, as assets can be independently confirmed. Confirm the amount of compensation cannot exceed the confirmed by the book value of the debt. Enterprise expected from third-party get compensation, is a potential asset, its ultimate really turn into enterprise real assets (i.e., enterprise whether can receive the compensation) has greater uncertainty, the enterprise can only in the basic determine when to receive compensation can be on the confirmation.
3. An estimated debts measuring need to consider other factors
Enterprise in confirmation shall, when best estimate contingencies and comprehensive consideration of the risks involved, uncertainty, currency time value and future events, and other factors.
2.3 The disclosure of the contingencies
In order to make the accounting statements to fully understand the enterprise's financial position and operating results, for the enterprise happening contingencies shall, according to the different situations proper disclosure. The specific practices are described below.
1. For contingencies confirmed by debt
Should be in the accounting statements of the estimated debts of the reason and amount of disclosure accordingly. When a contingencies for debt, has been confirmed by \debts\account disposed of the final reflected in the balance sheet \statement users more detailed, fully understand the information about the contingencies, the information disclosed the making accounting information user understands, the liabilities in the future do not necessarily occur or not full for enterprises, and liability formed it is a useful information.
2. To confirm contingencies for assets
The amount on the balance sheet on one hand should reflect the relevant asset project, on the other hand will be determined in the income statement can get compensation basic contingencies deduction for the costs or expenses, confirm the amount needed to disclose the accounting statements in.
3. For a contingent liability
The basic principles of the disclosure is: may result in an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise contingent liabilities or the need to disclose in accounting statement; Tiny may result in an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise or liabilities shall not disclose commonly; But for some often happen or to enterprise's financial position and operating results of have larger effects, even if the contingent liabilities 792, should also disclosed.
4. For or have assets
In general should not be in the accounting statements, but when disclose or asset is likely to generate economic benefits to the enterprise, should be in the accounting statements to disclosure, the disclosure of which include or have assets expected to formation cause and the impact of enterprises. In or have assets disclosure, enterprise should be very careful, can't let the accounting information user mistook disclosed or have assets will certainly come true.