现在完成时
一，定义：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可以表示过去已经开始，一直
延续到现在的动作或状态
二，现在完成时的结构
肯定句：have/has+ done (过去分词) 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)+其他. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 三，现在完成时的标志 1. ever, never, twice（once…）, so far（到目前为止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在过去几年） , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑问句）, just(刚刚), before（以前）, recently（近来）
说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：
I have already finished my homework. I haven’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?
They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里) I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿) I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.
2. for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。
I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
My aunt has worked in a company since 1949. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 四，延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换
leave --- be away put on→ wear borrow --- keep come/become/go --- be here buy --- have fall asleep --- be asleep die --- be dead get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in) begin/start --- be on get to know --- know finish --- be over join----be in/be a member of ... fall ill ---be ill open ---be open get up---be up close ---be closedturn off --- be off
用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时
间点”。如：
He joned the Green China three years ago.--He has been in the Green China for three years.
He has been a member of the Green China for three years.。
The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years. He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days. 五，比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in
have(has) been to...表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。 have(has) gone to表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。
have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等 He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海
He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)
He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了
语法练习
一，延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化
1.He died 10 years ago. ——He ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.
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2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _____________the book for 2 weeks.
3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He ___________the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago.—He ____________here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —— The light __________for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago.——— He ____________from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film __________ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. —— The door __________ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door ___________for an hour.
10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a _______ for a year.
He _____________ the army for a year. It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. 二，单项选择。
1,The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
2,Have you met Mr. Li ____？ Ａ. Just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
3,—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived 4,—Our country ____ a lot so far . —Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; better 5,—______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
Ａ.Did; do; finished Ｂ.Have; done; finished Ｃ.Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish
6,We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew 7,Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _____ twice. Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see 8,—These farmers have been to the United States .—Really? When _____ there ? Ａ. will they go Ｂ.did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone 9,Zhou Lang ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are; studying
10,His father ______ the Party since 1998 . Ａ.joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in 11,—Do you know him well ? — Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago . Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
12,He has ___ been to Shanghai, has he ? Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
13,Hurry up! The play ____ for ten minutes . Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began 14,It ___ ten years since he left the army . Ａ. Is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
15,Miss Green isn't in the office. She_____ to the library.Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
16,My parents ___ Shandong for ten years. Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been 17,The students have cleaned the classroom, ____? A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they 18,____ has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he _____ to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 19,His uncle ____ for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 四、用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month 4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock 7. ______ 4 hours 9. _______ we were children 11.______ she left here
12. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.13. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
14. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years.15. She has been away from the city _______ about ten years. 16. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
五、用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。
1) Where is Jack? He __________ his country. 2) David ________ the park just now.
3) John _______ England since he came back. 4) How long _____ have _____ this village?
5) The Smiths ______ Beijing for years. 6) _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times. 7) I _____ this school since three years ago. 8) Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.
9) When___ he ____? He ____ an hour ago.10) Would you like to ___ the zoo with me? ---Yes, but I ___ there before.
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