非谓语动词复习
非谓语动词: a.动词不定式 to do b.现在分词/ 动名词doing c.过去分词done 概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词
2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分 (有一个特殊情况：过去分词不具备名词性，所以补充当主语或宾语。） 非谓语动词使用条件：一个简单句中有且只有一个谓语动词
一个句子当中，已经存在一个谓语动词, 又没有连词的情况下, 应使用非谓语动词。 She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. 所有的非谓语动词的否定都是在其前面加 NOT 动词不定式
一．动词不定式的变体
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种： 主动 被动 一般式 完成式 进行式 例如：I like to read English. 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time. 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room. 例如：The work is to be done soon.
例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday. 二. 动词不定式的用法 I.作主语
To see is to believe． Not to get there in time is your fault. 注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。
It is a great enjoyment to spend our holiday in the mountains. 句型3： It is + adj + for sb to do sth（是形容事物的性质的 ） It is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的 ） It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It's impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.
II.作宾语
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接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter. (1)常见动词有：like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer,
fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, forget, want, prepare, pretend, refuse, plan, afford, wish等
(2)it作形式宾语
I find/feel to work with him interesting ． I find/feel it interesting to work
with him．
3. I feel it my duty to change all that. 2.We think it important to obey the
law.
下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：
stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做 forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过 remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过 regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做
go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事） mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour.
A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting Boys, don't forget ____ the windows before you leave the classroom. A. closing B. closed C. to closing D. to close
She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest Remember ______ the lights when you leave the office. A. to turn off B. turning off C. turn off D. to turning off
(4)一般说来，介词后接动词通常应是动名词。但是介词but(except也一样)却比较特殊，其后接动词时，可以接不定式，并且这个不定式可以带to也可以不带to，“前有do,后无to” I have no choice but to wait.：
1. 当其前的谓语含有实义动词do(可以是各种形式)时，其后的不定式通常不带to： She will do anything but play chess. 她除了下棋外什么都愿干。
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He did nothing all day except watch TV. 他一整天除了看电视什么也没做。 2. 当其前的谓语没有某种形式的实义动词do时，其后的不定式通常要带to： They had no choice but to obey. 他们别无选择只有服从。
He wanted nothing but to stay here. 他除了想呆在这里外，其他什么也不想。
3. 当其前含有实义动词do但不是用作谓语时，其后的不定式带不带to均可，但以不带to为多： There’s nothing to do but (to) leave. 只好离开。
There was nothing to do but (to) wait. 除了等没有其他的办法。 4. 在cannot but, cannot choose/help but 之后接不带to的不定式 I can’t do anything but go out with her. III.作宾语补足语
1. I’ll get someone to repair the recorder for you. 2. What caused him to change his mind?
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order, wish , want, warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request+sb. to do
注意：（1）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(2)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things. He is often heard to sing the song.
Though he often made his deskmate cry, today he was made to cry by his deskmate. 3)
IV．作定语 不定式所修饰的词前面有序数词，形容词最高级或only修饰
She is always the last to leave the room.
不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词
.I have something important to say. Please find a piece of paper to write on .Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen to write with
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不定式主表被问题 I have a lot of homework to do.
V.作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因。 I came here to see you．
He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (出乎意料的结果） We were very excited to hear the news．（常见形容词后常用不定式） 对比To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
I have something important to do. In the accident, the driver was to blame. This question is difficult to answer. The box is not easy to carry. 动名词
一. 动名词/现在分词的基本构成 一般式 完成式 主动语态 被动语态 No one likes being laughed at. I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it. 二.doing的功用
⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.（作主语）
①It is no use crying. ②It is no good objecting ⑵ My job is looking after children.（作表语） ⑶ I have finished reading the novel.（作宾语）
⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语）
常见的动词有：admit, advise, suggest, avoid, consider, delay, deny, excuse,
finish, imagine, include, keep(on), mind, , practice, miss, resist.
短语: be/get used to ,be accustomed to,can’t help/stop, can’t stand , give up, feel like, look forward to, get down to, have difficulty/trouble (in),be busy
(in),put off
e.g.①She sat there without speaking. doing主动表被动:
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① The room wants cleaning. ② The method needs improving. ③ This pair of shoes require mending.
④ The question is well worth _discussing____ (discuss)
d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或 一次具体动作”。例如：I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon. doing的复合结构
动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复 合结构或动名词短语
a.动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词。例如：
Nixon’s visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic
relations.尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
b. 在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人 称代词宾格。例如：
The doctor does not mind me /my eating a little meat occasionally. 分词
（一）分词的作用 现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。
1．作定语
Do you know the boy standing at the gate? Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？ 2．作表语
We are excited at the news. The news he told us is exciting. 3．作宾语补足语
I heard him singing a song in the classroom. We found the ground covered with snow. 4．作状语
While lying in bed, he listened to some music. Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful. 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。 现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别:现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成
1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.(When they
heard the bad news)
3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. (If they had been given
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