15. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “_voicing_________”. 16. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey __meaning________.
17. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called __bound________ morphemes.
18. _ Reference_________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. 19. The notion of __ context________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
20. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the bracket is a __
complement_______ clause.
_
III. True or False.
1. A root is not always a free form.
2. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement.
3. The idea of doing something while speaking can certainly be broadened to include all the non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggestion.
4. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be a diachronic study. 5. The creativity of language originates from duality because by duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. 6. The examples of semantic narrowing include wife, girl, fowl and bird. 7. There is no absolute synonymy.
8. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed.
9. Consciously or unconsciously, people’s social background exerts a shaping influence on their choice of linguistic features that are appropriate to their social identities.
10. In the transformation of the sentence He doesn’t sleep well, do insertion comes first.
IV. Definition 1. category
It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 2. complementary distribution
allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.
3. contrastive analysis
a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties
for learners.
4. conversational implicature
The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation. 5. Cooperative Principle
The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk. 6.the critical period hypothesis
The critical period Hypothesis：says that there is a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but that after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this way. 7. displacement
Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 8. entailment
the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other.
9. illocutionary act
The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. 10. negative transfer
the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language. V. Discussion
1. Describe with examples the classification of morphemes.
2. Describe the major ways of word formation with some examples. 3. Describe major sense relations with examples.
4. What are the three metafunctions proposed by Halliday?
5. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
In Chomsky\'s Innateness Hypothesis, it is held that, in human brain, there is innate UniversalGrammar which lies in one part of human brain called language acquisition device (LAD).
6. What category/ categories of CP does the following exchange violate? A: Are you going to use your laptop this evening? B: I haven’t finished my assignment yet.
7. Distinguish the following case of ambiguity by tree diagrams. Sentence: The magician touched the child with the wand.