Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning
Extension/generalization —— is a term referring to the widening of meaning.
eg : Picture painting include ―drawings‖ and even ―photographs‖ Sandwitch 最早是指三明治这个家族, 但是现在是指一切快餐类食品
Narrowing /specialization—— is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning.
1. Types eg : wife : woman → a married woman ；the Pennisular : 专指利比利亚半岛
Degradation/ pejoration —— It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective
降格 words come to be used in derogatory sense.
eg : lust : pleasure → sexual desirex Elevation/ ameliration—— refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of 升格 importance.
eg : nice: Ignorant → foolish, delightful, pleasant
Euphemism 委婉语
Shortening eg : Gold for gold medal linguistic Factors Borrowing eg : Deer / animal / beast 2. Causes Analogy类比
Historical reason eg : car 最早是指马拉的战车, 但是现在就是指小轿车 Extra-linguistic Factors Class reason
Psychological reason eg: 在南北战争时期, 南方的人一见到北方的人就胆战心惊,所以把北方的
人比作rattle snake
Chapter 8 meaning and Context
1. Context —— means the total environment in which the word appears. extra-linguistic
2. Types of context Lexical – refers to the words occur together with the word in question.
linguistic
Grammatical – The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.
word文档 可自由复制编辑
elimination of ambiguity消除歧义 definition 3. Three major function explanation
indication of referents 参照物的迹象 example synonym provision of clues for inferring word meaning 提供了线索推断词义 antonym hyponym
relevant details 有关细节 Chapter 9 English dictionaries word structure 1. English dictionaries-making began to Anglo-Saxon times.The first dictionaries in Englang were printed in Latin. 2. types General-purpose
Specific-purpose 语料库最大
3. 英式词典“五大天王”: 朗文Longman ; 牛津Oxford ; 科林斯Collins ; 麦克米伦Macmillan ; 剑桥Cambridge 美式词典 “二虎”: 韦氏词典 Webster ; 美国传统词典 American Heritage
word文档 可自由复制编辑
elimination of ambiguity消除歧义 definition 3. Three major function explanation
indication of referents 参照物的迹象 example synonym provision of clues for inferring word meaning 提供了线索推断词义 antonym hyponym
relevant details 有关细节 Chapter 9 English dictionaries word structure 1. English dictionaries-making began to Anglo-Saxon times.The first dictionaries in Englang were printed in Latin. 2. types General-purpose
Specific-purpose 语料库最大
3. 英式词典“五大天王”: 朗文Longman ; 牛津Oxford ; 科林斯Collins ; 麦克米伦Macmillan ; 剑桥Cambridge 美式词典 “二虎”: 韦氏词典 Webster ; 美国传统词典 American Heritage
word文档 可自由复制编辑