英语辅导
第一次作业
英译汉
1. Cell organelles are the structures within a cell. They are a bit like the organs in a human body. They each have a specific role to play and have a distinctive shape and size.
细胞器官是细胞的组成结构。他们有点像一个人类的身体里的器官。他们每个都具有特别的作用并且有独特的形状和大小。
2. Cell Membrane - The cell membrane encloses the cell contents. Its main function is to control what gets into and out of the cell.
细胞膜——细胞膜包裹着细胞内含物。它的主要功能是控制什么可以进出细胞。
3. Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm contains primarily water and protein material. This is where the other cell organelles reside, and where most of the cellular activities take place.
细胞质——细胞质主要包含水和蛋白质材料。这是其他细胞器存在的地方,也是大多数细胞活动发生的地方。
4. Nucleus - The nucleus generally contains the genetic material for the cell. Because it contains the DNA and
chromosomes, which affect the proteins that determine the activities of the cell, the nucleus can be considered
to be the cell's control centre. 细胞核-细胞核通常包含细胞的遗传物质。因为它包含了DNA和染色体,它们影响了决定细胞中活动的蛋白质,细胞核可以被认为
是细胞的控制中心。
5. Ribosomes - Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place. Some are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
and some are free in the cytoplasm.
核糖体——核糖体是发生蛋白质合成的地方。有些附着到粗面内质网上,有些游离在细胞质中。
汉译英
1. 质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含
有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。
There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins,
and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles
that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of
membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.
2. 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在
其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists
of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within
it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients,
ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
第二次作业
英译汉
1. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are large organelles where oxygen is combined with food to produce ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), the primary energy source for the cell. Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes, and
can reproduce themselves independently of the cell in which they are found.
英语辅导
线粒体——线粒体是大型的细胞器，在其内部氧气结合物质产生ATP(三磷酸腺苷), 细胞主要的能源来源。线粒体包含他们自
己的DNA,RNA和核糖体,并在细胞中发现可以独立的自我复制。
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of interconnecting flattened tubular tunnels.
There are two sorts of endoplasmic reticulum - rough ER and smooth ER. The rough ER has lots of attached ribosomes.
The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and so looks 'smooth'. The rough ER takes in the proteins made on the ribosomes
so that they cannot escape into the cytoplasm. The smooth ER is not involved in protein synthesis, but has other
functions. 内质网(ER)-内质网是一系列相互联系的平的管状通道。有两种类型的内质网——粗糙ER和滑面ER。粗糙的ER有很多附着的
核糖体。光滑的ER没有附着的核糖体,所以看起来“光滑”。粗糙的ER让在核糖体上合成的蛋白质进入,所以它们不能脱离进
入细胞质。光滑的ER没有参与蛋白质的合成,但有其它的功能。
3. Golgi Complex - The Golgi complex is composed of small membranous sacs, and is associated with the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). Though its function is still not entirely understood, it seems that proteins from the ER travel
to the Golgi complex, where they are transformed and packaged into sacs before being moved to their final destination.
高尔基复合体——高尔基复合体是由小的囊膜质组成,并且与内质网相联系(ER)。尽管它的功能还没有完全了解,似乎是蛋白质
由内质网转运到到高尔基复合体中,在那里它们被翻译并且在被运送到它们最后的位置之前被包装进囊泡。
4. Lysosomes - Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs of enzymes. In a controlled and specific way, they breakdown old
or unneeded parts of the cell into small organic molecules that can be reused.
溶酶体-溶酶体是膜相互结合的含有酶的囊泡。用一种被控制的并特殊的方式,他们将旧的或无用的细胞部分分解成可以重新利