However, many beginning researchers are not learning enough about the standards of science through research experiences. Science nowadays is so fast-paced and complex that experienced researchers often do not have the time or opportunity to explain why a decision was made or an action taken. Institutional, local, state, and federal guidelines can be overwhelming, confusing, and ambiguous. And beginning researchers do not always get the best advice from others or witness exemplary behavior. Anonymous surveys show that many researchers admit to engaging in irresponsible practices or have wit-nessed others doing so.1
Furthermore, changes within science have complicated efforts 1Martinson, B.C., Anderson, M.S., and de Vries, R. “Scientists Behaving Badly.” Nature 435(2005):737-738. Kirby, K., and Houle, F. A. Ethics and the Welfare of the Physics Profession. Physics Today 57 (11):42-49.
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。
Preface xito ensure that every researcher has a solid grounding in the profes-sional codes of science. Though support for research has grown substantially in recent years, exciting opportunities have continued to multiply faster than resources, and the resulting disparity between opportunities and resources has further reduced the time available to researchers to discuss professional standards. As research has be-come more interdisciplinary and multinational, it has become more difficult to ensure that communication among the members of a re-search project is sufficient. Increased ties among academic, industrial, and governmental researchers have strengthened research but have also increased the potential for conflicts. And the rapid advance of technology—including digital communications technologies—has created a wealth of new capabilities and new challenges.
In this changing environment of the early 21st century, a short guide like On Being a Scientist can provide only an introduction to the responsible conduct of research. Readers are thus encouraged to use the “Additional Resources” section of this guide, which lists many valuable publications, Web sites, and other materials on scientific eth-ics and professional standards, to find further material that explores this discourse. The challenges posed particularly by the increasing number of global and multinational ties within the science com-munity will be further addressed in a subsequent publication of the National Research Council.
Established researchers have a special responsibility in uphold-ing and promulgating high standards in science. They should serve as role models for their students and for fellow researchers, and they should exemplify responsible practices in their teaching and their conversations with others. They have a professional obligation to cre-ate positive research environments and to respond to concerns about irresponsible behaviors. Established researchers can themselves gain a new appreciation for the importance of professional standards by
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。
xii Preface
thinking about the topics presented in this guide and by discussing those topics with their research groups and students. In this way, they help to maintain the foundations of the scientific enterprise and its reputation with society.
Ralph J. Cicerone
President, National Academy of Sciences
Charles M. Vest
President, National Academy of Engineering
Harvey V. Fineberg
President, Institute of Medicine
Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
1995年,美国“三院”的科学、工程和公共政策委员会出版英文版On BeingA Scientist,祚庥院士就极力推荐此书,说“这是一本值得推荐给所有的科学工作者和一切有志于从事科学研究工作的同志们细心阅读的好书。”本书是第三版英文版。
Acknowledgments
The original On Being a Scientist was produced under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences by the Committee on the Conduct of Science, which consisted of Robert McCormick Adams, Francisco Ayala (chair), Mary-Dell Chilton, Gerald Holton, David Hull, Kumar Patel, Frank Press, Michael Ruse, and Phillip Sharp.
The second edition was prepared under the auspices of the Com-mittee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), which is a joint committee of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The revision was overseen by a guidance group consisting of Robert McCormick Adams, David Challoner, Bernard Fields, Kumar Patel, Frank Press, and Phillip Sharp.