MBA专业术语汇总
A
Ability-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage 绝对优势
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that
firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate 平均税率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost 平均总成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost 平均可变成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator 加速数
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments 后天禀赋
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns
adverse selection 逆向选择
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
asset 资产
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
assistance in kind 实物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash
asymmetric information 信息不对称
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has
more information about its quality then the buyer
autonomous consumption 自主消费
that part of consumption that does not depend on income
average costs 平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
average productivity 平均产量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input
B
Benefits principle 受益原则
The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Bond 债券
A certificate of indebtedness
Budget constraint 预算约束
The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
Budget deficit 预算赤字
An excess of government spending over government receipts
Budget surplus 预算盈余
An excess of government receipts over government spendin
barriers to entry 进入障碍
factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents
basic competitive model 差不多竞争模型
the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit
maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets
bequest savings motive 储蓄的遗产动机
people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children
Bertrand competition 伯特兰竞争
an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices
bilateral trade 双边贸易
trade between two parties
boom 繁荣
a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily
C
Capital 资本
The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
Capital flight 资本外流
A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country