phrases
1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning
2.shift: v/n 替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班
1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress. 2).The wind shifted from east to north.
3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift. 3.speculate: v 思索、推测，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n
4.datum: n 资料、数据，复数形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 细菌，bacteria; medium, media.
5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的
6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.
7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 过时的，to date: 至今 1).Will long dress go out of date next year?
2).To date, we have not received any replies from him. 3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date. 8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 复数形式：analyses. 9.work on:从事?； 对?有影响
1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.
2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could. 10.set sth up:设立、建立、提出
1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.
2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.
3).Einstein set up many important theories. Analyze the difficult sentences:
1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)
翻译：科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划。
分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主体部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是动词不定式做定语，修饰program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是动词predict的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序。词组：work on:从事?，对?有影响，如：
The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.
2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)
翻译：他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。
分析：该句中that引导的定语从句修饰an early warning system，另外，so that引导目的状语从句。注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法。 3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)
翻译：有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加。
分析：主语Two of the biggest earthquakes，谓语took place。该句考点，形容词最高级，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定语从句；were
recorded表示“被记录”；词组：take place发生、举行，请注意：该词无被动语态。如：
Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years. 4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, ?..(P4)
翻译：积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本?。
分析：该句考点，词组be involved in sth参与?；或be actively involved in sth积极地参与?如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.
5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4) 翻译：这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况。
分析：这句话的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由that引导的，第一个修饰warning signs；第二个修饰the weakening of rock layers。词组：on the alert: 警戒、防备着?如：
Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets. 6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)
翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。
分析：词组：watch for密切注意?；be associated with同?有关系。 7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)
翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震。
分析：that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推测语气；with any reliability带有任何可能性。
8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6) 翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段。
分析：本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。请看下面的句子，区分while含义：
1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.
2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.
3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again. Grammar: 倒装句
英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。
由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。 Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A.is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C.smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.