必修3 Module3
一、过去完成时的被动语态 （一） 概念
1. 语态：是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。
2. 主动语态：当句子的主语为谓语动词动作的执行者，谓语的形式叫主动语态。 3. 被动语态：当句子的主语为谓语动词动作的承受者，谓语的形式叫被动语态。 （二） 形式
过去完成时的被动语态的形式为：had been+过去分词 He came and told us that the work had been finished. He said that some bridges had been washed away.
（三） 动词时态与被动语态的注意事项：
1. 某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的。
1) It is the first/ second time +that 从句，that 从句一般用现在完成时。如果前边的is
改为was，则that从句用过去完成时。 This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. 2) Hardly …when和No sooner… than…句型中，主句用过去完成时，而when和than从
句用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 3) It + be+ 一段时间+before
It won’t be long before he succeeds.(他不久就会成功的。)
It was ten years before they met again.（十年后它们又见面了。） 4) It is/has been +一段时间+since从句
It is weeks since he fell ill.他病了几周了。（since从句为终止性动词，表示这一行为的开始）他病了几周了。
It is weeks since he was ill.他病好了好几周了。（since从句为延续性动词，表示这一行为的结束）
2. get+过去分词，可以表示被动
She got married last week.
The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed. 3. 主动形式表被动意义
1） 表示状态的连系动词（look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear等）+形容词/名词，
构成系表结构。 The apples look nice. The cake tastes good. The plan proved practical.
2） 表示开始、结束的动词，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, end等。
The shop closes at 6 pm every day. 3） 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, shut, dry
等。这类动一般不单独使用，常有一个副词修饰语。 This coat dries easily. Nylon cleans easily. Your speech reads well.
This knife cuts well.
4） be worth donig 结构中用主动表被动
The book is well worth reading.
5） Be+形容词+to do，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
6） need, want, require作”需要”讲时，句子的主语为need/want/require之后动作的承受
者时可以用主动表被动，也可以用to be done形式。 二、间接引语 （一）概念
直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用说话人自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语的多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语变为间接引语时，从句中的人称、时态、代词、时间状语从句以及地点状语等都要视情况而进行相应的变化。 （二）直接引语变间接引语应注意五个变化 1.动词变化
把直接引语变为间接引语，有时需要把主句的动词said (to)变成told;当直接引语是问句时，要把主句中的动词said或said (to)变为asked/asked (sb.);把直接引语中的动词come变成go。
His younger sister said to me, “He can’t go to school.” His younger sister told me that he couldn’t go to school. His mother said to me, “Are you interested in science?” His mother asked me if I was interested in science. She said, “I will come this evening.” She said she would go that evening. 2.时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的时态一般按下列规律变化： 直接引语 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 一般将来时 现在完成进行时 间接引语 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去将来时 过去完成进行时 一般过去时 过去完成时 “I am a student,” he said. He said he was a student. 3.代词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，代词一般要根据在句中的意义作相应的变化：
I we you me us this 直接引语 he/she they I Him/her them that 间接引语 “I am hopeful,” he said. He said he was hopeful.
4. 时间、地点状语的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，时间、地点状语一般应有下列变化： 直接引语 now 间接引语 then these those ago today this morning/week ,etc. yesterday yesterday morning last week/ month, etc. tomorrow next week/month, etc. 地点here before that day that morning/week, etc. the day before the morning before the week/month, etc. before. the next day, the following day the following /next week/ month, etc. there She said to me, “I lived here five years ago.” She told me she had lived there five years before. 5. 句型的变化
1） 直接引语为疑问句型的变化
直接引语为疑问句时，变为间接引语除注意在人称、时态和状语等方面作相应的变化外，还应注意：
a. 间接引语应该用陈述语序。 b. 特殊疑问句的疑问词应保留
c. 一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反义疑问句在变为间接引语时要用连词whether/if。 “You have already got well, haven’t you ?” she asked. She asked me whether I had already got well (or not). 2） 直接引语为祈使句时句型的变化
当直接引语为祈使句时，变间接引语时主句的谓语动词应根据直接引语的口气换用ask, invite, advise, warn, tell, order等词，而原直接引语中的谓语动词则变为不定式。