a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.
二、书面表达
7
Summary Writing
A F ather’s Influence Makes for Better Grades
Adolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.
This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.
Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.
These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.
Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.
8.概要写作
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
If there was one thing you could make parents understand about kids,what would it be? That is one of the questions TFK and http://www.77cn.com.cn recently asked in an anonymous(匿名的) survey conducted online.More than 8,000 kids answered.“We just want to spend time with you,” said a 12-year-old.“At 13,you can't treat me like I'm 6,”another kid said. An 11-year-old wrote ,“Being a kid is a lot harder than it looks.” The kids who took our survey made it clear that they want to feel close to the important people in their life-their mom,dad and other caring adults.But their answers also show that it is not always easy to deal with these close relationships.