晶体收音机的结构不像电子管收音机那么复杂。
Ice is not so dense as water and therefore it floats. 冰的密度小于水,因此能浮在水面上。
Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze. 黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。 2.非谓语译成谓语 (1)定语译成谓语
动词“have”的宾语移作主语时,一般需要把该宾语的定语译成谓语,原来的谓语have省略不译。
Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon. 锰对钢的强度的影响和硅相同。
The wings have controllable sections known as ailerons. 机翼上可操纵的部分叫做副翼。
Solids have a shape independent of the container. 固体的形状与容器无关。 (2)主语译成谓语
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。 A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here. 从这里可以看到富士山。
His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. 任何场合,只要他一露面,就算成功了。
以上作为句子主语的名词往往是含有动作意味的名词,或动词派生的名词。
(3)表语译成谓语
英语中的某些形容词、副词、介词、名词接介词短语等在句中做表语时,通常可译成动词谓语。
The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.
她暗示我能够给我带个信,但是我必须小心谨慎。(形容词译成谓语) As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋。(副词译成谓语) This explanation is against the natural laws. 这种解释违反自然规律。(介词译成谓语)
We were on the supposition that they could improve the complex machine. 我们认为他们能改进这台复杂的机器。(介词短语译成谓语) 3.非宾语译成宾语 (1)主语译成宾语
When power is spoken of, time is taken into account. 说到功率时,总是把时间计算在内。
Mr Billings cannot be deterred from his plan. (人们)不能阻止比凌斯先生实行他的计划。 4.非定语译成定语 (1)主语译成定语
为了强调英语句中某一个成分,把它译成主语,再将英语的主语译做汉语中的定语。
How many electrons has a magnesium atom in its outer layer 镁原子的最外层有多少个电子?
Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.
各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。
Without air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature. 没有空气,地球的温度会发生极大的变化。 (2)状语译成定语
英语中位于句首的某些状语(多为地点状语),有时可译成汉语的定语。 In this world, things are complicated and are decided by many factors. 世界上的事情是复杂的,是由各方面的因素决定的。
Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly. 全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。 五)句子结构的转换
有时有些词,通过引申、词性转换和句子成分的转换还是不能表达原文的真实涵义,那就要突破原文的形式,改变句子的整个结构。这是翻译中必不可少的手段。下面就一些常用的转换法略举数例加以说明。 1.主语转译法
(1)主语是动名词或表示动作意义的名词,作用在说明动作的原因、条件、时间等。因此,常把它译成状语从句,而把它后面处于宾语的名词或答词译成主语。 Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer. 由于工作很忙,回复稍迟了些。
The mere sight of it turned one's mind. 只消看它一眼,人们就会动心。
如主语是动名词,谓语make, cause, offer, bring, help, allow, permit, require, give, compel一类动词,可根据句子意义,译成条件结果句。例如: Another hour's ride will bring us to the village. 只要再走一小时,我们就可以到达那个小村。
(2)主语虽不是动名词,但是主语及其修饰词在一起也能够说明动作的原因、条件、时间等作用。这类句子也按上述办法处理。
Fast modern airplanes have made the world seem a smaller space. 有了现代化的飞机,世界似乎比以前小了。
Special design of the rear bearing allows for exchange V-belts without the necessary of removing the spindle.
由于后轴承的设计特别,更换三角皮带,无需取下主轴。
(3)表示时间、地点、范围的名词与某些特定的动词连用,常表示动作发生的时间、地点、场所。翻译是可将主语译成状语。
The world has witnessed different roads to modernization 世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。 2.成分分译法
分译法的要领是,把原文中较长的句子成分,或不易安排的句子成分分出来另做处理,一般译成汉语短语或独立句。下面着重介绍一些常见的分译法。 (1)主语分译是指把带定语的主语分译成依据。通常把主语的定语移做谓语。例如:
Lower temperature is associated with lower growth rates. 温度一低,生长速度就慢下来。
The very short wave lengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do.
超声波的波长极短,其功能与普通声波相比大不相同。 (2)谓语分译
谓语分译是翻译带形式主语it的主语从句的一种常用法。翻译时, 先把主句的谓语分译成一个独立语,然后再译从句。 It is obvious that he means well. 很显然,他的用意是好的。
It is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.
众所周知,重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。
(3)定语分译
英语的定语与汉语不同它可以位于名词之后,因此其长度不受限制,可以扩展得很长。汉语只有前置定语,一般不宜过长,所以对原文中较长的后置定语的翻译,往往采取分析法。这里只着重介绍介词短语和分词短语以及几个形容词同时做定语时的分译情况。
Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in earth, now hardened like rock.
化石是过去埋在地下,现在已像岩石一样硬化了的植物和动物。
She sat with her hands cupping chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。
He was a tall, thin, elegant man with the air of thorough-bred. 他身材修长,温文尔雅,风度翩翩。 (4)状语分译
下面着重介绍副词、介词短语和不定式短语作状语时的分译情况。 Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她满想会有某些奇迹般的解决办法,这是不合情理的事。(副词译成句子) Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了,力量也随之增加。(介词短语译成句子) He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally. 他来到华盛顿,就国际形势而言,时机正合适。(介词短语译成句子) Heat is required to change ice to water. 冰变成水,就需要热。(不定式译成句子) 3.句子变换法
翻译时,有时为了通顺、易懂、紧凑、生动起见,改变原文句子结构。现略举几种常见的句子变换实例作说明。