这是作者的“美国政治政策”的考试题目，旨在让广大的喜欢研究或者学习美国政治政策的人当个边角料的看看。因为时间紧张，未翻译，直接取自于GOOGLE的翻译，有很多地方翻译的很FUNNY，请见谅。对于阅读此文档的任何人产生的任何的想法，不同的理解，本人皆不负责。请理解！ 并祝大家开开心心，顺顺利利！ American Government & Politics
1. Information about how to govern is important for American citizens. Yet, major
changes in how people get information via news outlets has changed a great deal. Please discuss.
有关如何管理信息对于美国公民的重要。然而，在人们如何通过新闻媒体获取信息的重大变化已经发生了很大变化。请大家讨论。
1) Formerly, newspapers and major channel TV was designed to appeal to a broad base. Now, ? of Americans get their news from cable TV, ―talk shows‖
(especially radio), internet blogs and the like. Many or most of these new outlets are unreliable purveyor of news.
2) Why? Powerful special interests ―spin‖ news by slanting it in a way favorable to their purposes. They condemn the ―lame stream‖ media. Results, most people now listen almost exclusively to political news that agrees with their own beliefs/ prejudices.
3) The more people relate with only like –minded people, the more likely they will move to political extremes.
1）以前，报纸和各大频道的电视旨在吸引到广泛的基础。现在，美国人?得到有线电视，―脱口秀‖（尤其是广播），互联网博客和类似的消息。许多或大部分这些新网点的消息不可靠的供应者。 2）为什么呢？强大的特殊利益―自旋‖的新闻被它倾斜的方式有利于自己的目的。他们谴责―跛脚流：媒体。结果，现在大多数人听几乎完全是用自己的信念/偏见同意政治新闻。 3）越来越多的人涉及，只有志同道合的人，他们越有可能会转移到政治极端。
2. Americans have been bound together by a common set of political ideas and NOT a common kinship as are the Japanese and French. Recently, some of these ideas have become controversial. Please discuss.
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美国人是被一套共同的政治理念连接在一起的，与日本和法国的政治姻亲关系不同。近来，一
些理念具有争议性。请大家讨论。
1) Common American political ideas/ core values: liberty, equality, self- government, individualism and helping others.
2) Kinship characteristics: common- language, -ancestry, -religion, -customs, and respect for social conventions.
3) Reasons for stressed on our common political ideas:
A U.S. population rapidly increasing via immigration—both legal and illegal. B this influx is mostly of non- northern and western Europeans.
C Americans are more heterogeneous (different) in a number of ways: race/ethnicity, appearance, religions customs, non- English speakers.
4) Social issues are increasing (abortion, gay marriage, renewed racism, government social safety net).
5) The norms of inclusion/exclusion are being threatened by attitudes that compromise is seen as bad. Compromise is the backbone of democracy.
1）通常的美国政治思想/核心价值观：自由，平等，自治，个人主义和帮助他人。 2）亲属关系的特点：共语，共祖先，共同的宗教，共同的习惯风俗，尊重社会习俗。 3）强调，我们共同的政治主张的原因： A 美国人口迅速通过移民，合法和非法增加。 B涌入这主要是对非北部和西部欧洲。
C美国人在许多方面更多的异构（不同的）：种族/民族，外观，宗教习俗，非英语的人。 4) 社会问题增多（堕胎，同性恋婚姻，复兴的种族主义，政府的社会安全网）。 5) 接纳/排除的规范被认为妥协是不好的想法威胁着。妥协是民主的支柱。
3. Federalism is a basic concept in U.S. government and politics. Please discuss this.
联邦制是美国政府与政治的一个基本概念。请讨论。
1) Authority is divided into two levels: national and regional (States).
2) Federalism protects liberty by each level acting as a sort of ―watch dog‖ on the other. 3) This is to control wealthy and powerful elite groups from dominating.
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4) It moderates government power by sharing. This makes undue influence by the powerful more difficult.
5) Federalism strengthened the Union by putting the country first and states second in most areas. The Articles of Confederation, for example, was a complete flop because most power was vested with the states.
1）权利分为两个层次：国家和地区（州）。
2）通过联邦制每个级别充当一种“监视器”的另一保护的自由。 3）这是从主导控制富裕和强大的精英群体。
4）温和派政府的权力分享。这使得在强大的更难不当影响。
5）加强联邦制联盟通过将全国第一，并指出第二大部分地区。邦联条款，例如，是一个彻底失败，因为大部分权力是被州政府赋予的。
4. In civil liberties, protection of individual rights is based much on the 1st Amendment of the Constitution. What does the 1st Amendment mean?
在公民自由，保护个人权利是基于1号宪法修正案。什么是第一修正案的意思
1) Freedom of religion and freedom from religion. American can worship any way they please and be free of discrimination. Government may not enact a state sponsored
religion nor show any preference of one religion over another religion. That is the reason that school sanctioned prayer is not allowed. Otherwise an agent for the state would show preferences of one religion over others. This is also referred to as freedom of conscience. 2) Freedom of speech is guaranteed for all but a few instances such as slander or advocating immediate and illegal violence.
3) Freedom of the press allows the written and broadcast word very few restraints unless it is ―malice aforethought‖ (not true and is meant to insure the subject).
4) Peaceable assembly means that demonstrations, even by unpopular persons and groups is allowed as long as it does not directly advocate ―a clear and present danger‖ of violence.
5) Petition means that people can ask for relief on a variety of issues if they feel the government is not responsive to their needs.
1）宗教信仰自由和免于宗教。美国可以崇拜他们取悦任何方式，且无歧视的。政府可能无法制定一个国家资助的宗教，也不表现出一种宗教上的另一种宗教的任何偏好。这是学校认可的祷告是不允许的原因。否则，为国家的代理人将显示一种宗教的比别人的喜好。这也被称为信仰的自由。 2）言论自由是保证所有，但少数情况下，如诽谤或主张立即和非法的暴力。
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3）新闻自由允许的书面和广播词很少限制，除非它是“预谋”（不正确的，其目的是确保主题）。 4）和平的集会是指示威，甚至不受欢迎的个人和群体的，只要它不直接鼓吹暴力的“明显而现实的危险”允许的。
5）申请意味着人们可以要求对各种问题进行救济，如果他们觉得政府不响应他们的需求。
5. A controversial aspect of American government concerns the rights of persons accused of crimes and also the treatment of convicted criminals. What are these controversial rights and treatments?
美国政府的一个有争议的方面涉及犯罪被告人的权利也被定罪的罪犯的待遇。这些是什么争议性的权利和待遇呢？
1) Procedural rights are given to the accused:
A No police search unless probable cause is established. B Protection against double jeopardy.
C Accused persons cannot be forced to incriminate themselves. D The right to a lawyer whether or not the accused can afford one. E right to speedy trial of one’s peers (other citizens).
2) Convicted criminals cannot have cruel or unusual punishments afflicted. 3) The right to appeal remains with a prisoner.
4) Prisoners have a right to religious services (even if it is to Satan, etc.). 5) Religious dietary restrictions are allowed.
6) Physical attacks/ restraints by prison personnel are subject to review.
1）程序性权利给予被告：
一个没有警察的搜索，除非可能的原因成立。 B防止双重危险。
?被告人不能被强迫自证其罪。 D律师是否被告负担得起的权利。 E右键以同侪（其他公民）的迅速审判。 2）罪犯不能有折磨残忍或不寻常的惩罚。 3）上诉的权利仍然是一个囚徒。
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4）罪犯有宗教活动的权利（即使它是撒旦，等等）。 5）宗教的饮食限制是允许的。
6）物理攻击/限制由监狱工作人员都需经过审查。
6. The struggle for equality based on race, gender and personal lifestyles has been
difficult over the 220 plus years of our Republic. Please describe levels of protection that the law gives American citizens today. Use the black American struggle for your answer.
基于种族，性别和个人生活方式的平等的斗争已经很难过了220多年里我们的共和国。请描述的保护，今天的法律赋予美国公民的水平。使用美国黑人斗争的回答。
1) Lincoln’s Emancipation freed only slaves that were subjugated in the Confederate States.
2) During the decade after the Civil War, all slaves were freed, given civil rights and the vote (at least on paper).
3) After the failure of the ―Reconstruction period, ex-slaves became ―sharecropper‖
peons that such as the Ku Klux Klan used fear and lynching to maintain white supremacy. 4) The Supreme Court did not help blacks until 1954 when segregation was outlawed in public.
5) Civil rights groups such as the NAACP and the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts of the 1960s made a huge leap for all minorities.
1）林肯的解放只能释放被征服了联盟国的奴隶。
2）在南北战争后的十年里，所有的奴隶中解放出来，赋予公民权利和投票（至少在纸面上）。 3）失败后“重建时期，前奴隶变成了”这样的三K党使用恐惧和私刑，以保持白人至上佃农“苦工。
4）最高法院并没有帮助黑人直到1954年，当隔离被禁止在公众面前。
5）民权团体，如有色人种协进会和公民权利与20世纪60年代的投票权行为作出了巨大的飞跃，为所有少数族裔。
7. Having the vote is a major aspect of citizen empowerment. Give an account of how the vote came from being very restricted during the early years of our republic and expanding to embrace far more Americans.
具有投票是公民赋权的一个重要方面。给出了如何投票就被在早年我们共和党的非常有限，是怎样扩大的并拥有了许多美国人。
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A. How has suffrage (the right to vote) been expanded over time?
* Originally, only white males who owned significant property and paid a certain amount of taxes were allowed to vote. This was not much more than 10% of adult Americans. * During the Age of Andrew Jackson, the right to vote was extended to adult white males even if they were poor.
* Shortly after the end of the Civil War black men were given the vote (15th Amendment) though it would not be enforced for another 75 years.
* Women were given the vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920
*In 1961, resents of Washington D.C. were allowed to send non –voting delegates to Congress. D. C, residents are still not allowed to vote for president or have any voting members of Congress (23th Amendment).
* The 24th Amendment forbade the use of poll taxes to keep blacks from voting in the South.
* In 1971, the voting age was dropped to 18 via the 26th Amendment.
A.是如何的投票权（投票权）已扩大了什么变化？
*最初，只有谁拥有显著财产并支付一定数额的税款白人男性被允许投票。这不是远远超过10％的成年美国人。
*在安德鲁·杰克逊的时代，选举权扩大到成年白人男性，即使他们是穷人。
*南北战争黑人结束后不久被给予了投票（15修订案），虽然它不会被强制执行另外75年。 *妇女被赋予了与第19修正案在1920年投票
*1961年，不满的华盛顿被允许发送非-voting代表大会。 D. C，居民仍不能投票给总统或国会有（23修订案）中的任何投票权的成员。
*第24修正案禁止使用的人头税，以保持黑人在南方票。 *1971年，投票的年龄通过26修订案下降至18。
B. Over the last few years what current efforts are now being hatched to reverse suffrage and make it MORE difficult to vote?
在过去的几年里什么目前的努力目前正在孵化的扭转投票权，并使其更难以投票？
Using false claims of voter fraud, an effort is being made by a major political
organization to require a ―valid‖ photo ID or a notarized birth –certificate. In some cases college student ID’S are being refused. This tends to deny voting rights to elderly and inner city people without driver’s licenses along with people in the 18 to 25 age groups
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whose legal residences are in their home towns even though they live away from these addressees and not allowed to re-register.
利用选民欺诈虚假声称，正在由一个主要的政治组织的努力需要一个“有效”照片的身份证件或经公证的出生证明。在某些情况下，大学生的IDS都被拒绝。这往往会拒绝投票权，以老人和内城的人没有驾驶执照与人相处，在18至25岁年龄组，其合法居住地在自己的家乡，即使他们生活远离这些地址，并不得重新注册。
8. Ideological thinking is a hallmark of European and Asian democracies. This is less true in the U.S.
思想认识是欧洲和亚洲的民主国家的标志。这在美国是不准确的。
A. Give a brief overview of European and Asian Ideologies. * Multiparty systems
* Often empowered by coalitions of two or more political parties working together * Have ―working men and women’s political parties
* Do not usually involve religious groups acting extensively in politic. B. Give an overview of U.S. ideologies.
* Conservative=suspicious of and tend to want to have ―small government‖ * Liberal=suspicious of large corporations and want a ―social safety net‖ for the less advantaged.
* Libertarian=economically Conservative and socially liberal * Populist= economically liberal and socially conservative.
A.给欧洲和亚洲意识形态的简要概述。 *多党制
*通常由两个或两个以上的政党合作联盟授权 *有“工作男性和女性的政党
*通常不涉及到广泛的政治作用宗教团体。 B.给了美国意识形态的概述。
*保守党=可疑的，往往想拥有“小政府”
*自由=可疑的大公司和想要一个“社会安全网”，为处境不利。 *自由意志=经济保守党和自由的社会
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*民粹=经济自由主义和社会保守主义。
9. We do not like to think we are group thinkers. Yet, most Americans fall into certain categories please give at least three examples of this along with brief descriptions.
我们不喜欢认为我们是一群思想家。然而，大多数美国人分为若干类别，请给这至少有三个例子以及简要说明。
* Religion: Roman Catholics and Jews advocate strongly for helping others more. Protestant Fundamentalists advocate more ―self- reliance‖ (help others less). * Geographic REGIONS: Republicans tend to dominate in the Great Plains, Ex- Confederate South, Mormon Mountain areas or Rockies.
* Race/Ethnicity: ―Persons of Color‖ versus White non- Hispanic ethnics (especially males)
* Gender/Sex: Women more interested in social issues, Men more for enlarged military. * Age: Older voters tend to favor: Spending less money on things such as schools, Expanding social security and Medicare.
*宗教：罗马天主教徒和犹太人主张大力帮助别人更多。基督教原教旨主义者主张更加“自力更生”（帮助别人少）。
*地理区域：共和党人倾向于在大平原地区，前南方邦联，摩门教山区或落基山脉占据主导地位。 *种族/民族：“色彩的人”与白非西班牙裔伦理（特别是男性） *性别/性别：女性更热衷于社会问题，男性多为扩大军队。
*年龄：年龄较大的选民倾向于支持：对事物花更少的钱，如学校，扩大社会保险和医疗保险。
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