专题1 名词
【2015年高考考纲解读】
2015年高考对名词词义辨析以及习惯搭配用法的考查将仍然是重点。 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：
1．考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
2．考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3．考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n．庇护，避难所→vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部→vt.肩负，承担； trail n．小径， 痕迹→vt.追踪。
【重点、难点剖析】 一、名词词义辨析
同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合，要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量，做题时要深入理解语境，整体把握，结合句意作出最佳选择。
二、名词固定搭配
高考中常常借助名词的固定搭配在具体语境中的运用考查名词。解答此类试题，不仅要掌握名词的意义，体会语境，还要牢记常用的名词固定搭配。如：have/gain access to得以进入/会见/接近；take advantage of利用，趁……之机；make fun of取笑，嘲弄等。
三、抽象名词具体化
抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词，前面可加不定冠词，用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作，常意为“一次……的事情；一个……的人；一种……的东西”。如：
抽象名词 success成功 failure失败 pleasure乐趣 具体意义 a success成功的人或事 a failure失败的人或事 a pleasure令人高兴的事
pity同情 relief宽慰 beauty美，美丽 surprise惊奇；吃惊 concern关心 四、名词作定语
a pity令人遗憾的事[来源学+科+网] a relief令人宽慰的事 a beauty美人 a surprise一件意外的事 a concern一件令人关切的事 名词作定语一般用单数形式，如a mountain village, stone houses, coffee cup，但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如：a woman doctor, two women doctors。
五、名词的所有格
1．以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“'”。如： the teachers' reading-room/ten minutes' walk 2．复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“'s”。如： Women's Day/the Children's Palace
3．名词并列时，所有格的形式不同，其含义不同。如： Tom and Bob's desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)
Tom's and Bob's desks 汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有) 4．双重所有格。
(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词，如a/two/some/any/no等时，表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of my brother's/his 我弟弟的/他的一个朋友
several students of Mr. Smith's/mine 史密斯先生的/我的几个学生
(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时，of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：
That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely. 小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。
This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance. 教授的/他的这项发明很重要。 【高考真题回顾】
1．(2014·浙江卷)We most prefer to say yes to the________of someone we know and like.(attempts, requests, doubts, promises)
2．(2014·湖北卷)Her ________ for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.(motivation, qualification, talent, technique)
3．(2014·湖北卷)When Richard said，“You are much more agreeable and prettier now，”Joan's face turned red at the unexpected ________.(command, comparison, compliment, contribution)
4．(2014·江苏卷)She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful________in last year's election.(symbol, portrait, identity, statue)
5．(2014·福建卷)—Could you tell me the________of making such tasty cakes? —Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(feature, plan, cost, trick)
6．(2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)．..for most of us the________(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.
7．(2014·福建卷)Whether we waste our potential talents，our own time，our limited natural ________(资源)，our money，or other people's time，each of us can become more aware and careful.
【高频考点】 考点1、词义辨析
【例1】(2014·安徽，29)—Why not buy a secondhand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one?
—That's a good ________.
B．question
A．saying
C．suggestion D．account
【举一反三】(2014·天津，3)Wind is now the world's fastest growing ________ of power. A．source
B．sense
C．result D．root
【变式探究】 Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000，a(n) ________ of 40,000 per year.
A．average B．number C．amount D．quantity
[来源学科网ZXXK]
【变式探究】 Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ________.
A．consequence B．independence C．competence D．intelligence
考点二、名词的一词多义与熟词新义
例2、—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well, you know, English is my ________. So it is my best choice.(strength, talent, ability, skill)
【举一反三】What's the ________， in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn't make an effort to help himself？(sympathy, theme, object, point)
【感悟提升】名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点，因此在复习过程中，要注意学会在语境中掌握同义词的细微差别，全面掌握词汇的多层含义。如interest既要知道它有“兴趣，趣味”的意思，又要知道它的另一层意思：“利益；好处”。
考点3、抽象名词的具体化
【例3】 —The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday. —Yes, news came as ________ shock to me.
【举一反三】For some women, shopping is not only an essential part of their life, but also ________ pleasure they can have.
【变式探究】—What do you think of the manager of your company?
—Oh，he is ________ manager who's pleasant to work with.It's ________ pleasure to work with him. A．the；a B．a；a C．a；the D．/；a
【变式探究】 —I find it very difficult to read ________ novel you lent me last week.—Yes.It's necessary to have ________ good knowledge of history. A．the；/ B．a；/ C．the；a D．a；a 【能力突破】 难点1、专有名词
【例1】 —Who called me this morning?
—________ Mr.Li.He asked you to visit Shenzhen and said that ________ Shenzhen today is different from what you saw thirty years ago.
A．/；/ B．A；/ C．/；the D．A；the
【例2】 On ________ Friday when Tom was having an art lesson，as he had no color pencils with him，he drew ________ blue sun with his pen.
A．/；the B．/；a C．the；the D．a；a 难点2、固定搭配
【例3】 (2014·福建卷短文填词)The smallest good habits can make a big ________.
[来源学科网]
【举一反三】(2014·辽宁卷语法填空)Unbelievable！Oh..., if you don't mind，I'll stop and take a deep________.
【变式探究】It is no ________ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A．use B．help C．time D．way
【变式探究】 It is said that dogs will keep you ________ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
A．safety B．companyC．house D．friend 【高考预测】
1．—You shall get an iPhone as long as you come first in the contest. —Is that a ________？Don't let me down, I hope. A．trick B．decision C．promise D．goal
2．Seeing the teacher raising her finger to her lips as a(n) ________ for silence, all the students sat down in a standard ________.
A．indication；situation
B．mark；condition
[来源学&科&网Z&X&X&K]
C．sign；position D．symbol；condition
3．By all ________，you must try every ________ to help him. A．mean；mean B．means；means C．means；mean D．mean；means
4．The basic strategy to change bad behavior is to guide right ________ of teenagers by using some right public opinions, good models and perfect personalities.
A．remarks B．comments C．values
D．costs
5．The wild goats' ________ on the vast grasslands was an indication of a better environment. A．escape
B．absence
C．attendance D．appearance
6．While the book is welcomed by scholars, it will have an immediate ________ for the general readers. A．reward B．aid C．appeal
D．budget
7．There are many ________ that must be met before a sport can be considered by the International Olympic Committee(IOC)．
A．requirements B．presentations C．commitments D．appointments
[来源学科网ZXXK]
8．It may take a long time to find a ________ to the problem but we will never give up. A．resolution
B．method
C．solution D．devotion
9．—I want to buy a pair of shoes; can you give me some advice? —The store at the corner has an excellent ________ for fair dealing. A．expressionB．reputation C．involvement
D．condition
10．Tony had a first-rate education and this gave him a(n) ______ over other boys who had not been well educated.
A．control
B．tendency
C．restriction D．advantage