I am never late for school. 我上学从不迟到。
疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首。如: When can you come? 你什么时候来?
还有what,how,why,how many等词
同时存在时间状语和地点状语时,时间状语一般放在后面。如: The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow. 明天会议将在教室里举行。
注:有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如:late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等 The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time. Open your mouth wide.
形容词和副词的辨析
一 形容词变副词的规律
a. b. c. d. e. f.
一般的形容词在结尾加ly变为副词。例如:careful-carefully 以元音加e结尾的单词要去e在加ly。例如:true-truly 辅音加y结尾的单词去y变i在加ly。例如:angry-angrily 单音节y结尾直接加ly。例如:shy-shyly
以le结尾的单词直接将e变为y。例如:terrible-terribly
形容词、副词同形:hard, fast, friendly, late, early, lovely, long。这部分请同学们注意,其中很多单词加ly之后就变成其他意思的单词了。例如:hardly就变成“几乎不”的意思,是小学阶段五大隐形否定词(few,little, never, seldom, hardly)之一。
二 形容词副词比较级的写法:
① 单音节单词后+er。例如:tall-taller, short-shorter
② 重读闭音节双写最后一个字母再加er:hot-hotter, big-bigger, thin-thinner, fat-fatter
③ 双音节辅音+y结尾去y变i再加er:ugly-uglier, busy-busier, easy-easier, early-earlier, heavy-heavier, healthy-healthier, happy-happier
1. ④ 在双音节或多于双音节的单词前面加more:careful-more careful, beautiful-more 2. 最高级的写法:
① 单音节单词后+est。例如:tall-tallest, short-shortest
② 重读闭音节双写最后一个字母再加est:hot-hottest, big-biggest, thin-thinnest, fat-fattest
③ 双音节辅音+y结尾去y变i再加est:ugly-ugliest, busy-busiest, easy-easiest early-earliest, heavy-heaviest, healthy-healthiest, happy-happiest
④ 在双音节或多于双音节的单词前面加most:careful-most careful, beautiful-most beautiful等。 beautiful等。
三 形容词和副词的比较级
1. 比较级的范围:一般为两者或两个部分进行比较。例如:I’m taller than you. Group One did better than
Group Two.
2. 比较级的结构:结构上比较级有三个明显的标志。
①than:一般用than连接两个比较的部分。例如:Tom runs faster than Mike.其中Tom和Mike是比较的两部分,用than连接他们进行比较。在than的句式中有一个需要同学们特别注意:I’m taller than any other students in my class.这句话中用than连接的是I和any other students in my class两个部分,其实表示的是最高级的概念,译为我比我们班其他同学都要高,其中any other ??是固定搭配,译为任何其他的。 ②a little, much, a lot, even, still:可用来专门修饰比较级。例如:Lisa was sick yesterday, while today she is much better.
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③as+形容词或副词原形+as??:译为像??一样。例如:Mary is as clever as Susan.Mary像Susan一样聪明。
另外,两个比较级连用表示“越来越”的意思。例如:Days get longer and longer in Spring.白天在春天越来越长了
四 形容词和副词的最高级
1. 最高级的范围: 最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在众多人或事物中,其中一个\
最??\My ruler is the longest of all.我的尺是最长的。 3. 最高级的结构:结构上比较级有两个明显的标志。
①the:一般用the限定最高级的范围,也可以说,现阶段the就是最高级的主要标志。但是,当形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时,最高级前不加the。例如:He is our best teacher.他是我们最好的老师。
②最高级后面往往用of或in介词短语来表示形容词的最高级的比较范围。of短语 指的范围通常是一群人或一些事物,而不是一个场所;如果指一个场所,则用介词in。例如: He is the strongest of the three.他是三个人中身体最强壮的。 He is the strongest in our class.他是我们班里身体最强壮的。
第九课时 简单句
一 陈述句
1、 概念:说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法的句子,句末用句号。
2、 分类:陈述句根据其语法结构,可大体分为“主语+谓语”和“主语+连系动词+表语”两种;而从语气的角度分,又可分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句 (1)“主语+谓语”结构 ① 肯定陈述句
I like that book.我喜欢那本书。(陈述一个事实) I really agree.我确实同意。(陈述一个观点) ② 否定陈述句
I did not buy the TV.我没有买那个电视。(陈述一个事实) (2)主语+连系动词+表语结构 ① 肯定陈述名
The film is boring . 这部电影没意思。(陈述观点) ② 否定陈述句
Smoking is not good for your health.抽烟对你的健康没有好处。(陈述一个事实) 3、 陈述句的否定结构:
陈述句的否定式主要用两种结构来表达:
(1)句子的谓语动词为be , have 或者谓语动词有助动词、情态动词时,其否定结构为: 主语+谓语动词/助动词/情态动词 + not + 其他成分 I am not a teacher. 我不是老师。
We have not (haven`t) any books on animals. 我们没有任何有关动物方面的书。 The children are not (aren`t) playing in the playground. 孩子们没在操场上玩。 He will not (won`t) come. 他不会来。
We must not (mustn`t) forget the past. 我们不能忘记过去。 It could not (couldn`t) be lost. 它不可能丢的。
(2) 当句子的谓语动词是do (即行为动词),而且没有助动词或情态动词时,其否定结构为:主语+do (does,did) + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分
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You do not (don`t) come here every day . 你没有每天都来这里。 He does not (doesn`t) teach this class . 他不教这个班。
They did not(didn`t) watch TV last night . 昨晚他们没看电视。
注意:陈述句的语调一般用降调。但在表示疑问的语气时,用升调,在书面上要用问号来表示。 You really want to go to Hong Kong ? 你真的想去香港吗?
这句话表示的是一种疑问,只不过是通过陈述的语序和疑问的语气来表达的
二 疑问句
疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子,句末用问号“?”。常考的疑问句有四类,即:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。 (1) 一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常需要用yes 或no 来回答,所以又叫做“是非疑问句”。在读这种句子时 要用升调。一般疑问句主要有以下几种类型:
1、“be + 主语 + 表语”结构 — Are you sleepy ? 你困了吗? — Yes, I am . 是的,我困了。
3、“情态动词 + 主语言+ 行为动词(或be)”结构 — May/Can I use the telephone? 我能用这部电话吗? — Yes, you can. 是的,可以。
5、“助动词(do, does, did)+ 主语 + 行为动词”结构
— Do you like swimming in summer? 你喜欢夏天游泳吗? — No, I don`t . 不,我不喜欢。 难点提示
回答否定性一般疑问句时,要在Yes 后面用肯定结构,表示肯定;在No 后面用否定结构,表示否定。注意在说法上正好与汉语习惯相反。诀窍是在回答的时候,只要把它当成没有加否定形式的普通一般疑问句看待就可以了。注意下面例句的回答和它的意思。
— Is he not your elder brother? 他不是你的哥哥吗? —Yes, he is . 不,他是(我的哥哥)。No, he is not. 是的,他不是(我的哥哥)。 — Isn`t she very clever? 她难道不是很聪明吗?
— Yes, she is. 不,她很聪明。 — No, she is not . 是,她不聪明。 (二) 特殊疑问句
一、特殊疑问句是用来提出来特定问题的疑问句,要求听到问题的人针对特定情况来做具体的回答,不能像一般疑问句一样简单地用Yes 或No 来回答,特殊疑问句要用降调来读。 二、特殊疑问句的结构: 特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句
Who do English homework in the evening?谁晚上做英语家庭作业? What do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么?
What homework do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么家庭作业? When do you do English homework?你什么时候做英语家庭作业?
三、注意:
对人提问时who“谁”
对所属(谁的)提问用whose“谁的” 对哪一个提问用which“哪一个”
对时间提问用when“什么时候”或what time“几点” 对物体提问用what“什么” 对地点提问用where“哪里”
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对原因提问用why“为什么” 对方式提问用how“怎么样”
对数量提问用how many“多少”(用于可数名词复数)或how much“多少”(用于不可数名词)
四、难点提示
1、 以why开头的特殊疑问句否定形式常用于表示建议、请求等。 Why don`t you have a try? 你为什么不试试呢? 2、 特殊疑问句常用到一些缩略形式,在平时学习中要注意习惯这些用法。 I don`t want to go there. How about you? 我不想去那儿,你呢? But what else? 可是还有什么呢?
3、肯定句改一般疑问句的方法肯定句改一般疑问句的方法肯定句改一般疑问句的方法肯定句改一般疑问句的方法————————三步法
1. 有be动词/情态动词:be动词/情态动词提到句首,其余照抄,(some改成any,my改成your)句末用问号。 2. 无be动词/情态动词,在句首加Do/Does/Did,其余照抄,(some改成any,my改成your)句末用问号。
3. 加Does、did 的句子注意,句子动词要变成原型。 例如: 陈述句: They are in the park. He can play the guitar.. 一般疑问句: Are they in the park? Can he play the guitar? 陈述句: I like the ducks. He likes the dogs. 一般疑问句: Do you like the ducks? Does he like the dogs?
4、关于特殊疑问词
问人(谁)who 地点(何地) where 时间(何时) when、what time 东西/职业/事物(什么) what 方式方法程序身体(怎样) how 年龄 how old ..怎么样(提建议) How about 多少钱 How much 谁的 whose book 问星期 what day 问日期 what date 问数量多少 (可数名
词) How many people 问数量(不可数名词) How much water 颜色what color 班级 what class 年级 what grade 时间 what time 哪一个 which which class
1、根据划线部分确定是什么疑问词, 后面写原句变成的一般疑问句,句末问号。 2、how many后必须先写物品,再写一般疑问句等。
第十课时 祈 使 句
1.祈使句的定义及句式特征:
定义:祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告或祝愿等的句子。它的特点是通常省略主语you,以动词原形开头,末尾可用句号或感叹号。祈使句没有疑问句的形式,一般只有肯定和否定两种形式。 Go and wash your hands. (表命令) Be kind to your sister.(表劝告) Be quite, please. (Please be quiet.)(表请求) Watch your steps.(表警告) No parking. (表禁止)
2.肯定形式(动词原形开头)
1)以系动词be开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构:
Be a good student! be+形容词 / 名词
Be quiet / quick! Be careful when crossing the street. 2)以实义动词开头的祈使句,这种祈使句的常用结构为: 动词原形+宾语(+其他)。
Let him do it by himself. Come in, please!
Let me help you. Please open your books!
Put them away! Let?s go to the parklet型(Let+宾语+动词原形+其他)
3.否定形式(一般在动词上否定,也可以用否定副词(never)来表示) 1)be型(Don?t be +其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语)) Don?t be careless! 注意:①在这种句型中,be不能省略 Never be late again next time! ②否定副词not不可置于be之后
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2)do型(Don?t +动词原形+其他) Don?t believe him! Don?t worry! Never do it again!
3)Let引起的祈使句有两种否定形式 a. Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他 Let her not do that.
Let?s not think about it. It’s only a waste of time. b. Don?t+ let+宾语+动词原形+其他 Don?t let Jim do that. Don?t let us go, please.
4) 在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“No+名词 / V-ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。例如: NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照! No parking! 注意:
1). 在表达请求或劝告时,有时为了表示委婉的语气,可以在句首或句末please,但是如果please加在句末,应用逗号将其与前面的部分隔开。 Sit down, please.
Please look after the twins.
2). 在意思比较明显的情况下,可以把谓语动词省略。 This way, please.
3). 有时为了加强语气,可以在动词前使用do. Do be careful!一定要小心!
4). 有时为了强调对方,也可加上主语you,人名或everybody, anybody等不定代词。 You sweep the floor and I clean the window. Stand up, everybody.
5).有时为了明确向谁提出请求或发出命令,可加称呼语,但称呼语要与句子用逗号隔开。 Put the shirt on the bed, Jim. 4.祈使句的反意问句
祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分,通常有以下三种形式:
1).祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时,用won?t you。例如: Be sure to write to us, will you? 你一定要给我们写信,好吗? Come to have dinner with us this evening, won?t you? 今晚来和我们一起吃饭,好吗?
2).祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如: Don?t smoke in the meeting room, will you? 不要在会议室抽烟,好吗?
3). Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let?s用shall we外,其它均用will you。例如: Let the boy go first, will you? 让个那男孩先走,好吗? Let?s take a walk after supper, shall we? 晚饭后我们去散步,好吗? 5.祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won?t。 在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:
形式一致(即Yes与will保持一致;No与won?t保持一致) 意思相反(即Yes是 “不”的意思;No是 “是”的意思)。
在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如:
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第一课时 — be动词
重点语法
动词be(am,is,are)的用法:
be动词包括“am”, “is”, “are”三种形式。
①第一人称单数(I)配合am来用。句型解析析:I am+… 例句:I am Snoopy. I am ten years old. I am a student. I am a boy.
②第二人称(You)配合are使用。句型解析:You are+… 例句:You are my good friend. You are a good teacher. You are beautiful
③第三人称单数(He or She or It)配合is使用。句型解析:She(He, It) is +…… 例句:She is a good girl. She is so tall. She is short.
④人称复数 (we /you/they)配合are使用。句型解析:We (You, They) are +…… 例句 We are in Class 5,Grade 7. They are my friends. You are good students. 用法口诀:
我(I)用am, 你(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it)。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。
第二课时 名词
英语名词单数变复数的规则
一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。
例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化:统一加读[iz]。
例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读[z]。
例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化:加读[z]。
例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes
反例:silo→silos; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; macro→macros(缩写词) 五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。 读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。
例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例:roof→roofs
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六、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。
读音变化:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai]。 例:fungus→fungi; abacus→abaci; focus→foci; cactus→cacti; cestus→cesti 七、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es。 读音变化:尾音[is]改读[i:z]。
例:axis→axes; basis→bases; naris→nares; hypothesis→hypotheses; restis→restes 八、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。 读音变化:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z]。
例:matrix→matrices; directrix→directrices; calix→calices; appendix→appendices 反例:affix→affixes 九、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a。 读音变化:去掉鼻尾音。
例:forum→fora; stadium→stadia; aquarium→aquaria; datum→data; vacuum→vacua 十、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。 读音变化:尾音[E]改读[i:]。
例:larva→larvae; formula→formulae; ala→alae; media→mediae; hydra→hydrae
十一、部分单词的复数形式不变。 读音变化:保持原音。
例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon 十二、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。 读音变化:没有规律。
例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen 十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:
例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother→brethren 十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词
例:analysis→analyses分析; basis→bases基础; datum→data数据; foot→feet; formula→formulae/formulas公式; goose→geese; louse→lice虱子; man→men
mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums媒介; memorandum→memoranda/memorandums备忘录; parenthesis→parentheses 圆括号; phenomenon→phenomena现象; radius→radii 半径 tooth→teeth; woman→women
十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的
例:deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼
十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词
例:abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar; traffic交通
十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例:bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资
十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示
例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父 man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law
十九、若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
例:pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 二十、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思, 例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
二十一、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
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例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
以O结尾的词,许多加es构成复数,特别是一些常用词如:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,mangoes,buffaloes,volcanoes 但下面几类词只加s:1.以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词
如:videos,radios,studios,folios,oratorios,embryos,zoos,bamboos,kangaroos,taboos
2.一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,如:pianos,solos,concertos,tobaccos,mottos,cellos 3.一些缩写词和专有名词,如:kilos,photos,memos,micros,Eskimos,Filipnos 有个别词加两种词尾都可以,如:archipelago(e)s,halo(e)s,cargoes(英),cargos(美)
第三课时 人称代词和物主代词
一、人称代词
表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 主格 I you he she it 宾格 me you him her it they them 复数 主格 we you 宾格 us you 人称代词主格:作主语,表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。 I am a teacher. You are student. He is a student, too. We/You/They are students.
人称代词宾格作宾语,表示动作行为的对象。 Give it to me. Let?s go (let?s =let us) 二、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人称和数的变化见下表。 数 人称 类别 形容词性物主 代词 名词性物主代词 汉语 单数 第一 人称 my mine 我的 第二 人称 your yours 你的 第三 人称 his his 他的 her hers 她的 its its 它的 复数 第一 人称 our ours 我们的 第二人称 your yours 你们的 第三 人称 their theirs 他(她、它)们的 形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词
而名词性物主代词则相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,故其后不必加名词。如: Is this your book?
No,,it isn?t, it?s hers(her book) This pen is mine.
第四课时 介词知识点
1.in; on; at用在时间词前,表“在”
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1)at + 具体时刻
2)on + 具体某天(具体某天的上、下午等;星期词;以及上、下午词前有修饰词时) 3)in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分 但注意:at night= in the night at noon at this / that time at Christmas
eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning 3. ___ a rainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002 6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___ spring 8.___ night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March 另外注意:在时间词(morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…)前有last, next , this , that时,不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。
eg. I will go(A) to the cinema(B) in(C) this evening. 2. in , on , at 表地点:
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如:
eg. 1)He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday.
2)They arrived ___a small village before dark. 3)There is a big hole ____ the wall.
4)The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall.
3.in , on , to表方位
in(范围内);on(范围外且接壤);to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2)Hubei is on the north of Hunan. 3)Japan is to the east of China.
eg. 1)Can you swim _____ the river?
2)The road runs __________ the forest. cross: 动词“跨过,越过”=go across
3) _____ the bridge, you?ll find a cinema. 4. across: (表面)跨过
through: (内部)穿过,贯穿 介词 5. in + 时间段:与将来时连用
after + 时间段:与过去时连用 但after + 时间点:可与将来时连用。
1) I?ll leave _______ three o?clock.. That is, I?ll leave ________ about ten minutes. 2)They left _______ two weeks. 6. in the tree(外加在树上的事物)
on the tree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等) 1) There is a map ___ the wall in the wall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物) 2) There are four windows ___ the wall. 7. on the wall(墙表面的事物)
8.by bike / bus / car / ship (单数且无冠词)
但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时,则应使用相应的介词。 eg. by bike = on a(the; his) bike by car = in a(the ; her) car
1) The moon rose ______ the hill. on: 在?(表面)上——接触
2) There is a bridge _____ the river. 9. over: 在?的正上方
3) There is a book ______ the desk. above: 在?的斜上方 未接触
10. between: 在(两者)之间 among :在(三者以上)之间
1)A big crowd of people were waiting for Li Lida on the beach. ________ them were his parents. 2)Tom sits ________Lucy and Lily. 11.on与about : 关于
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on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等
about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及 eg. He gave a talk ____ the history of the Party
1)There is a big tree _______ of the classroom. 12. in front of :在?前面/方(范围外)= before 2)A driver drives _________ of the bus. in / at the front of:在??前部(范围内)
类似区别:at the back of与behind 13.with和in: 表示“用“
1) Please write the letter ____ a pen. with: 指“用工具、手、口等”
2) Please speak ____ a loud voice. in: 指“用语言、话语、声音等” 14. on a farm ; in a factory ; the girl in the hat ; leave for: 动身前往某地 15.一些固定搭配:
(1)介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for;
wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。 (2)介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot,
with pleasure, on one?s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。 (3)介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。 二、常见方位介词短语 (一)、由介词in构成的方位介词短语
1、in the front 在前面 2、in the front row 在前排 3、in the back row 在后排
4、in the third row 在第三排 5、in front of... 在...前面(范围之外) 6、in the front of... 在...前部(范围之内) 7、in the middle在中间 8、in the street在街上 9、in the middle of...在中间 10、in the tree在树上(指飞鸟等外来物) (二)、由介词at构成的方位介词短语
1、at the front of...在...所在范围的前一部分 2、at the back of...在...所在范围的后一部分 3、at the foot of...在...脚下 4、at the top of...在...顶部 5、at the end of...在...尽头 6、at the head of...在...前头 7、at the(school)gate在(校)门口 8、at the station 在车站
9、at No.2 Chang?an Road在长安路2号 10、at my uncle?s 在我叔叔家
11、at home在家 12、at the doctor?s在医务室/在诊所 (三)、由介词on构成的方位介词短语
1、on the right/left在右(左)边 2、on one?s right/left在某人的右(左)边
3、on the desk/table在课桌/桌上 4、on the right-hand/left-hand side在右/左手边 5、on the blackboard在黑板上 6、on/in the wall在墙上/里
7、on the paper在纸上 8、on the tree在树上(指树上长的,结的东西) 三、其它介词构成的方位介词短语
1、next to靠近/贴近 2、beside the desk在课桌旁 3、behind the door在门后 4、under the bed在床下 5、near the window靠近窗户 6、outside the gate在门外
第五课时 冠词
冠词三兄弟a, an和the的任务就是给名词“戴帽子”。语法上,冠词是虚词,没有词义,用于名词前,帮助表明
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词义。
冠词分为两类:不定冠词a/an 和定冠词the。
不定冠词a/an只能用于单数名词之前,表示“一 ?”的意思或该名词的不特定性。 定冠词则强调该名词的特定性,表示“这”、“这些”等意思,在可数名词与不可数名词之前都能使用。 不定冠词的用法
A. 不定冠词的种类:
不定冠词有两个:a和an。
a用于以辅音音标开头的单词之前。
一本书_a_book_____ 一个女人__a_woman_____ an用于以元音音标开头的单词之前。
一个苹果_an_apple__ 一位老人 _an_old_ 一个小时 an_hour_ 一个鸡蛋 _an_agg__
当形容词修饰名词时,冠词要放在形容词的前面,这时用a或an取决于这个形容词的读音。 一位英语老师_a_English_teather_ 一个红苹果 _a_red_apple__ B. 不定冠词的用法:
① 用于第一次提到的、不确定的人或物(可数名词)之前
There is __a_dog outside the door 外有一条狗。
Do you see __a man_ in red T-shirt? 你有看到一个穿红体恤衫的男子吗?
② 用于价格或时间等名词的前面,是“每?”的意思
4 Yuan _a_ kilo 每公斤四元 once _a_ week 一周一次 ③ 表示职业、身份
_a_ lawyer一个律师 _a_ doctor 一个医生 _a_ student一位学生 ④ 用于数字、量词之前
_a_ hundred 一百 a_ lot of 许多 _a_ couple 一对 ⑤ 用于一些固定词组中
have _a_ _rest__休息 make _a_ living谋生 _a_ great deal 很多
定冠词的用法
A. 定冠词的一般用法
① 用于第二次谈到的人或物
She has a bag. __the__ bag is yellow. 她有一个包,这个包是黄色的。 ② 用于双方共知的人或物
I don?t like __the_ coat. 我不喜欢这件大衣。 ③ “the + n单数.”可以表示一类人或物
_the__ __panda___ 大熊猫 _the__ __driver_____ 司机 B.定冠词的特殊用法
定冠词常用于一些特定词的前面。 助记:
沙漠、河流与群山; 列岛、海峡与海湾; 阶级、党派、国家名; 组织、团体和机关; 方位、朝代、独一词; 会议、文件及报刊; 乐器、建筑、海洋群; 定冠词帽戴在前。
_the___ Yellow River 黄河 play _the__ piano 弹钢琴 _the_ Great Wall 长城 _the__ People?s Daily 人民日报 _the__ United Nations 联合国 ① 用于姓氏复数之前表示全家人/夫妇俩
_the__ __Greens____格林一家 _the_Lis 李先生一家 ②“the + adj.”表示一类人或物
the __rich__ 富人 the __poor____ 穷人 the __young_man___ 年轻人 ③ 用于一些固定词组中
in the __evening at the __time在此时 go to the __movie__ 去电影院 in the ___front__ of 在前部
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不用冠词的情况 不用冠词的情况
下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭; 复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。 ① 在一些专有名词(人名、地名、月份、节日等)之前,不用冠词
Miss Laura 劳拉小姐 Doctor Smith 史密斯医生 Hyde park 海德公园 Australia 澳大利亚 __March_____ 三月 __Children?s______ Day 儿童节 ② 名词前已有修饰词的时候,不用冠词
this __morning___ 今天早上 my _book___ 我的书 your _child_ 你的孩子 ③ 在表示三餐、球类、棋类和游戏等名词前,一般不用冠词
play _basketball___ 打篮球 play __cards__ 打牌 play _games____ 玩游戏 have _supper_ 吃晚饭 ④ 在物质名词和抽象名词前,一般不用冠词
We love _peace_.我们爱和平。 Smoking is bad for _health_. 吸烟有害健康。
第六课时 动词总结
want to do sth想要做某事 I want to be a teacher./ He wants to have milk for breakfast. want sb to do sth想要某人做某事 My mother wants me to clean the room. want sth想要某物 I want an apple.
like doing sth喜欢做某事 I like playing football.
like to do sth喜欢做某事 He likes to go shopping with his friends. like sth喜欢某物 I like apples.
enjoy doing sth喜爱做某事 My brother enjoys playing football. enjoy sth喜爱/某物 I enjoyed my winter vacation.
have fun doing sth愉快地做某事 I had great fun playing in the water. =have a good time doing sth = I had a good time playing in the water. =enjoy oneself doing sth = I enjoyed myself playing in the water. let sb do sth让某人做某事 Lucy lets me go shopping with her.
let sb not do sth让某人不做某事 My mother lets me not play on the road. tell sb to do sth告诉某人去做某事 Tom tells me to work hard.
tell sb not to do sth告诉某人不要去做某事 Tom tells me not to play every day. tell sb about sth告诉某人关于某事 My math teacher tells us about the exam. tell sb sth告诉某人某事 My friend told me the traffic accident.
hope to do sth希望去做某事 I hope to go to Beijing on summer vacation. hope +从句 希望…… I hope you have a good trip.
It’s +形容词+of sb to do sth某人做某事真是太…… It’s kind of you to help me.
It’s+形容词+for sb to do sth做某事对某人来说……It’s good for you to have vegetables every day. be interested in doing sth对做某事很感兴趣 Lucy is interested in dancing.
be interested in sth做某事/某物很感兴趣 My parents are interested in Beijing Opera. be friendly to sb对某人很友好 My classmates are friendly to me.
be friendly with sb和某人很友好 My classmates are friendly with each other. wait for sb等待某人 Jeff often waits for his sister after school.
can’t wait to do sth迫不及待去做某事 Summer is coming , I can’t wait to go to swim. work for为……而工作 Do you want to work for a magazine? work as从事……职业 My father works as a doctor.
work with和……一起工作 Do you like to work with other young people?
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be busy doing sth忙于做某事 My mother is busy doing housework every day. be busy with sth忙于某事/某物 Every student is busy with study.
teach sb to do sth教某人做某事 My English teacher teaches me to study English. teach sb sth教某人某事/某物 My English teacher teaches me study. thanks for doing sth感谢你做了某事 Thanks for helping me. =thank you for doing sth = Thank you for helping me. thank sb for doing感谢某人做了某事 Thank Tom for helping me. thank sb for sth因某事感谢某人 =Thank Tom for his help.
be surprised to do sth做某事感到惊讶 I’m surprised to hear the news. be surprised at sth对某事/某物感到惊讶 =I’m surprised at the news.
be surprised +that从句 对……而惊讶 I’m surprised that he passed the exam. stop doing sth停止做某事 The teacher is coming, please stop talking. stop to do sth停下来做某事 I’m tired, so I stop to have a rest.
remember doing sth记得做过某事 I remembered cleaning the room.
remember to do sth记住去做某事 Remember to close the door when you leave. forget doing sth忘记做过某事 I forgot telling him about Mary.
forget to do sth忘记去做某事 I forget to tell you to close the door.
would like to do sth想要去做某事 I would like to have milk for breakfast. would like sb to do sth想要某人做某事 I would like him to tell me the story. would like sth想要某物 I would like an apple.
doing sth做某事怎样 What about going to the park this weekend?
What about sth某物/某事怎样 What about a cup of tea? =How about +代词 ……怎样 What about him?
practice doing sth练习做某事 My sister practices playing the piano every day. practice sth练习某事 =My sister practices the piano every day. practice+代词 练习…… Practice it more.
spend +时/钱 (in) doing sth花多少时/钱做某事 I spent 2 yuan buying the clothes. spend +时/钱 on sth花多少时/钱在某物上 I spent 2 yuan on the clothes.
ask sb to do sth叫某人去做某事 My mother ask me to buy some vegetables after school.
ask sb not to do sth叫某人不要去做某事 The teacher asks the students not to play on the road. ask sb about sth问某人关于某事/某物 My father asks me about the exam. ask sb for sth问/找某人要某物 I often ask my parents for money. It’s time to do sth该做某事了 It’s time to have dinner.
It’s time for sb to do sth某人该做某事了 It’s time for me to have dinner. It’s time for sth某事的时间到了 It’ time for dinner.
watch sb/sth doing sth看见某人/某物正在做某事 Old Henry often watches Wangwang playing the balls. watch sb/sth do sth 看见某人/某物做过某事 I watched him do his homework. suggest doing sth建议做某事 I suggest going to the park not the zoo. suggest sth建议某物/某事 He suggests the plan.
suggest +从句 建议…… I suggest that we should go to the park this weekends. find sb/sth doing sth发现某人/某物正在做某事 I found it playing the ball. find sb/sth do sth发现某人/某物做过某事 I found it play the ball. help sb do sth帮助某人做某事 He often helps me do the housework. help sb with sth帮助某人某事 He often helps me with the housework. make sb do sth使/让某人做某事 It made me feel happy.
decide to do sth决定去做某事 We decided to go to the park this weekend.
decide not to do sth决定不去做某事 We decided not to go to the park this weekend.
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decide sth决定某物/某事 We decided the plan.
decide +从句 决定…… We decided that we will go to the park this weekend. discuss sth with sb和某人讨论某事 I often disscuss my study with my teacher. discuss sth讨论某物/某事 We often discuss it.
mind doing sth介意做某事 Do you mind my opening the door? mind sth介意某事/某物 I mind the score. mind +代词 介意…… I don’t mind it.
mind +从句 介意…… I don’t mind that you open the window.
agree to do sth同意去做某事 I agreed to go to the park this weekend.
agree with sb (about sth) 同意某人(关于某事) Do you agree with me (about the plan). agree +从句 同意…… Her mother agrees that she can go shopping with me.
buy sth from sb/sw从某人/某处买来某物 I bought some apples from the shop/ him. sell sth to sb/sw卖某物给某人/某处 He sold some apples to me. show sb sth= show sth to sb给某人看某物=把某物给某人看 give sb sth= give sth to sb给某人某物=把某物给某人
pass sb sth= pass sth to sb传给某人某物=把某物传给某人 sell sb sth= sell sth to sb卖给某人某物=卖某物给某人 buy sb sth= buy sth for sb买给某人某物=买某物给某人 make sb sth= make sth for sb为某人做某物=做某物给某人
fight for sth/sb为某事/某物/某人而战 We Chinese people fight for peace. fight with sth/sb和某物/某人打架 Don’t fight with your sister.
fight against sth/sb为反对某事/某物/某人而战 We fight against the war. Why not do sth为什么不做某事 Why not go shopping with me?
=Why don’t you do sth =Why don’t you go shopping with me? be good at doing sth擅长做某事 He is good at playing the piano. be good at sth擅长某事/某物 =He is good at piano.
be good with sb和某人相处融洽 I’m good with my classmates.
be good for sb/sth对某人/某物有益 Apples are good for your health. be good to sb对某人好 My mother is always good to me. start to do sth开始做某事 =start doing sth
start sth开始某事/屋
finish to do sth完成做某事 =finish doing sth
finish sth完成某事/某物
be strict with sb对某人严格 My teacher is strict with us.
be strict in sth对某事/某物严格 My teacher is strict in teaching.
be tired of doing sth厌倦做某事 I’m tired of playing football every day. be tired of sth厌倦某物/某事 Some students are tired of study.
take sth to sb/sw把某物带去某处/给某人 Please take the books to him/ the library. bring sth to sb/sw把某物带来某处/给某人 Please bring the books to me. be afraid of doing sth担心/害怕做某事 I’m afraid of learning the piano. be afraid of sth担心/害怕某物/某事 I’m afraid of the dog. be afraid of sb担心/害怕某人 I’m afraid of him.
take turns to do sth轮流去做某事 We take turns to clean the classroom. have to do sth不得不/必须做某事 He has to wear a uniform.
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第 七课时 情态动词
有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。 情态动词
can 表示能力,意为 “能 会” 表示推测, 意为 “可能”, 常用于否定句和疑问句中 表示请求, 允许, 意为“可以” could 是can 的过去式,意为“能、会”, 表示过去的能力 在疑问句中表示委婉请求 may 表示请求、许可,意为“可以” 表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能、也许” might 是may的过去式,表推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“ 可能、也许 ” must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、应该” 表有把握的推测,用语肯定句 Need \\表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中 dare 表示敢于,主要用于否定句和疑问句中
should 意为“ 应该”, 表示要求和命令 表示劝告、建议 had better 意为 “最好”,表示建议 used to意为 “过去常常,表示过去的动作、行为
考点一 情态动词知识清单
情态动词有具体的词义,但也同助动词一样,需要与其他词语一起构成句子的谓语,另外情态动词没哟人称和数的变化,情态动词后必须跟动词原形。 1. can 的用法
(1) 表示能力、许可、可能性。 表示能力时一般译为“能、会”, 即有种能力,尤其是生来具备的能力,此时may 和must 均不可代替它。
(2)表示可能、能够。 如:I can finish it in an hour.
(3)表示许可,常在口语中。如:You can use my dictionary.
(4)表示推测,意为“可能”, 常用于否定句和疑问句中, 此时can?t 译为“ 不可能”。 2. could的用法
(1) can的过去式, 意为“ 能、 会” , 表示过去的能力。
(2) could 在疑问句中, 表示委婉的语气,此时没有过去式的意思。 3. may的用法
(1)表示请求、许可, 比can 正式,
(2)表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“ 可能, 或许”,一般用于肯定句中。
(3) may的过去式为might ,表示推测时。可能性低于may 。4. must的用法 (1)must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、一定”。
(2)其否定形式mustn?t 表示“ 一定不要 ” “千万别” “禁止, 不许”.
(3)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must, 否定回答为needn?t 或 don?t have to .
(4)must 表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。当must 表示 肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。She must have finished writing, hasn?t she? 5. need的用法
(1) need 表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn?t ,意为“没有必要,不必”。 用need 提问时,肯定回答为 must,否定回答为 needn?t 。 如:----Need I stay here any longer? ----Yes, you must .-----No. you needn?t .
(2) need 还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化, 后边多接动词不定式。 6. dare 的用法
dare意为“敢、敢于”, 用法近似于need, 有两种词性:
(1)dare 作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。 (2)dare 作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。注意: 在口语中,dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。Do you dare tell her what I said? 7.shall 的用法
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(1)shall 表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称), Shall we go out for a walk?
(2)表示决心、警告、命令( 多用于第二、三人称), No one shall bring your beepers or mobile phones in the exam. 8. should的用法
(1) should 意为“应该” , 可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。 We should protect the environment.
(2) should (would)like to do sth. 表示“想要、愿意做某事”,常用于口语中。Would you like to go with me? 你想和我一起去吗?
(3)Should have done 表示对过去动作的责备、批评。 You should have finished your homework. 9. will 的用法
will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。
I will help you if I?m free this afternoon. 10. had better 的用法
had better 意为“最好”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to 的不定式,其否定形式为: had better not。 We had better go now. You had better not give the book to him.
考点二 含有情态动词的疑问句
1. 由 can、may、must构成的疑问句
(1)句式: Can/ May/ Must… + 主语+动词原形+….? 如: Can you repair the car? Could he be a good student? May I borrow your ruler?Must we clean the room now?
(2)对 may 引出的问句,可以有下列回答方式:Yes, of course. Yes, certainly.Sure.No, you mustn?t.No, you can?t.
(3)对must引出的疑问句,回答为:Yes, …must.No,… needn?t/ don?t have to. 2. will, would, shall 的用法
(1)will 在一般疑问句中表示客气的“请求、劝说”。 would 是will 的过去式,语气更加客气、委婉。Would you show me your picture book? Will you please give me a call? (2)对 will/ would you… 的回答方式有以下几种:Yes, I will. (No, I won?t.)Sure . (I?m sorry , I can?t.)All right.Certainly. (No, thank you .) Yes, please.
(3)shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称, 表示征求对方意见或客气的请求。其回答方式有以下几种:Yes, please.All right. No, thank you.
考点三 不同情态动词的否定意义也不同
1. (1) can?t可译为“不会”, 如:I can?t play basketball. 我不会打篮球。
(2)当句子表推测时,用can?t 表达不可能, He can?t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom. (3)can?t 还可用来回答“ May I …? ” 这样的问句。May I come in ?No, you mustn?t. / can?t. (4) can?t 还可用于固定习语中。She can?t help crying.
2.may 的否定式为 may not , 译成“ 可能不”, He may not be at home.
3.(1)mustn?t 表示不许, 不可。He mustn?t leave his room.
(2) mustn?t 也可用于以 may 表示要求时的否定回答中。 May I stand here?No, you mustn?t(can?t). 4. (1)needn?t 意为“ 不必” 。You needn?t meet him unless you?d like to.
(2)needn?t + have+ 动词的过去分词,表不需要完成但已完成的动作,暗含时间或精力上的浪费。You needn?t have bought it.
5. shouldn?表不应该You shouldn?t feel so unhappy over such little things.
易混点一 can 和 be able to
两者表示能力时用法相同, 但 can 只有原形 “can” 和过去式“ could ”两种形式,在其他时态中 要用be able to 来表示。 另外 be able to 常常指经过努力, 花费了时间和劳力之后才能做到某事。Jim can?t speak English.He could speak English at 5.We?ll be able to see him next week.He has been able to drive.I ? m sure you ?ll be able to finish it quickly. We were able to reach the top of the mountain at noon. 易混点二 can和may
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1. can 和 may 均可用来征求意见或许可,意为“可以”, 一般可互换2. can 和may 表示可能性时的区别: 1) 在肯定句中用 might, may, must, 不用can
2)在疑问句中表示推测用 can,不用 might, may,must 3)在否定句中用can?t(不可能), 不用 may, must。 That can?t be true. 易混点三 may be 和maybe 用法区别 常用位置may be may为情态动词, be为动词原形,句中作谓语maybe副词,大概、也许,相当于perhaps位于句首,作状语 He may be wrong , but I?m not sure.
易混点四 can’t 和 mustn’t.
can?t 根据其基本用法可译为:(1)不会,I can?t speak English . (2)不能,We can?t do it now because it?s too dark.
(3) 不可能,The man can?t be our teacher because he is much younger than our teacher.. mustn?t 意为“ 禁止、不许”, 用来表达命令,表示强烈的语气。 You mustn?t play football in the street. It?s too dangerous.
易混点五 must 和 have to
must 侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要, 还可以在间接引语中表示过去的必要或业务,have to 侧重于客观上的必要,可用于现在时、过去时和将来时I know I must study hard.
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the mid-night.
易混点六 need, dare 的两种用法
need , dare 作情态动词是, 多用于否定句、疑问句中,后接动词原形。You needn?t explain it to me . Dare you say that again
在肯定句中, 它们后边多接动词不定式,此时为实义动词。 Tom needs to fetch the bool for me . Mary dared to go across the street by herself.
易混点 七 used to do / be used to doing / be used to do…
used to do 表示过去常常发生的动作,强调过去,只用于过去,注意用 to do,不用doing形式; 而be used to doing 意为“习惯做…”, be 可有各种时态; be used to do 意为“……被使用去做……,” 为被动语态形式。 My father used to eating meat. She is used to eating meat.
He wasn?t used to eating in a restaurant. Knives are used to cut things.
【情态动词基本花样】:
情态动词在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点: 1)各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。 2)情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。
3)情态动词在句中不受任何人称、词性、数变化的影响。
4)情态动词后接的不定式(除ought外)都不带to,即接动词原形。英文中的情态动词主要有:can,could;may,
might;must;ought;need;dare,dared,have to另外,shall,will,should,would在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。其中,must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事;have to却表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外,have to自身有时态的变化形式。回答以must引导的问句时,若是否定答复,不可以用mustn’t而需要用needn’t或是don’t have to,因为mustn’t意思是“绝不能、一定不要”,而没有“不必”的意思。表示猜测、推测must常用于肯定句中表示猜测。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时,后接动词原形;对已经发生的事进行猜测时,后接have+过去分词。否定猜测则用can’t。另外should有时表示责备之意。
【情态动词+各种时态】:
can后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作; may后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作; might后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作; must后面接进行式表示想必正在做某事; should后面接进行式表示应该正在做某事; can后面接完成式表示可能已经做了某事;
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could后面接完成式表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不可能发生或本不可以做的事而已经发生或已经做了;
may后面接完成式表示可能已经发生的动作;
might后面接完成式表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做; must后面接完成式表示想必已经发生的事;
ought to后面接完成式表示本应该发生或本应该做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不应该发生或本不应该做的事而已经发生或已经做了;
need后面接完成式主要用于否定句中,表示不必要做的事而已经做了;
should后面接完成式表示本应该发生或本应该做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不应该发生或本不应该做的事而已经发生或已经做了。
第八课时 形容词与副词
一 .定义:
用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。 二. 形容词的作用,见下表:
作 用 定 语 表 语 宾语补足语 例 句 You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden. Your coat is too small. The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy. 注意:
有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如: Don't wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。
例如: You'd better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是: 1)冠词或人称代词 2)数词 3)性质 4)大小 5)形状 6)表示老少,新旧 7)颜色 8)事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。
例如: His grandpa still lives in this small short house. 他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。
形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich / poor; good
/ bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。
例如: The young should take good care of the old. 年轻人应该好好照顾老人。
形容词短语做定语时要后置。
如: They are the students easy to teach. 他们是很容易较的学生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我们住的房子比你们的大得多。
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else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。 如:
Did you see anybody else?
你看到别的人了吗?
三.以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
Her singing was lovely.
He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。 The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。 副词 一. 定义:
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。 二. 副词的位置 :
1) 在实义动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。 b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如: He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
三. 副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如: Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些 3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 例如:
I don\\'t know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。 四. 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closely
close意思是\\\近\\\;closely 意思是\\\仔细地\\\。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。 2) late 与lately
late意思是\\\晚\\\;lately 意思是\\\最近\\\。例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?
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3) deep与deeply
deep意思是\\\深\\\,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,\\\深深地\\\。例如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。 4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如: The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。 5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是\\\广泛地\\\,\\\在许多地方\\\。例如: He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。 6) free与freely
free的意思是\\\免费\\\;freely 的意思是\\\无限制地\\\。例如:
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。 五.各种类型副词的位置
英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同,它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等。下面来介绍一下副词的分类方法:
多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如: He runs slowly. 他跑的很慢。
时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如: They went to the park yesterday morning. 昨天上午他们去公园了。
I heard him sing English songs over there. 我听见他在那边唱英语歌曲。 注意: 有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首,起强调作用。如: Yesterday I got up late. 昨天我起床很晚。
频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实义动词之前 如:He is seldom ill. 他很少生病。
You must always remember this. 你一定要记住这一点。
I often write to my parents. 我经常写信给父母。 注意: 有时为了加强语气,频度副词也可放在句首。如:
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike. 有时她乘公共汽车上学,有时骑自行车去。
程度副词修饰动词时,与频度副词相同,修饰形容词和副词时,放在它所修饰的词前面。如: I nearly missed the bus. 我几乎错过了公交车。
否定副词一般放在动词之前、系动词be或助动词之后。如: She seldom goes out at night. 她晚上很少出门。
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--- Don?t go out, please. It?s raining heavily outside. 请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport. 不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。 6. 祈使句与陈述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陈述句时,须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时,要用并列连词and来连接;如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时,要用并列连词or来连接。例如: Leave it with me and I will see what I can do. 把它留给我吧,我想想有没有办法。 Hurry up, or we?ll be late. 快点,否则我们要迟到了。 7.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用
祈使句与条件状语从句连用时,条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如: Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow. 如果他明天来这儿的话,叫他给我来个电话。 8.祈使句的强调形式
祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do。例如: Do shut up! 快住口! 9.特殊形式的祈使句
在英语中,有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句,而是以一个名词短语来充当,且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上,这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如: More water and the young trees couldn?t have died.
=If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn?t have died. 如果你给那些小树多浇点水,他们就不会死了。 10.运用祈使句的误区
祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided. A. Having checked B. Check
C. If you check D. To check
第十一课时 一般过去时态
1.定义:表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。 2.结构:
如果动词是Be动词(was/were),构成主系表的结构。 即:主语+系动词(was/were)+ 表语
She was a teacher last year, but now she is a housewife. They were late for school yesterday.
如果动词是实义动词或除be动词以外的其它连系动词,需要将句中的动词变为过去时,结构如下 即:主语+ 谓语动词(过去时)+ 宾语 We lived in Chongqing last year. I got up late, so I missed the first bus. He fell asleep just now.
He left for Shanghai an hour ago. 3.动词过去式的构成:
(1)规则动词的过去式,过去分词的构成: 规则/类别 一般情况加-ed
动词原形 help, look, 过去式 helped, looked, 21
过去分词 helped, looked, work, talk 词尾为不发音的字母-e时,直接加-d 词尾为“辅音字母+y”时,变y为i,再加-ed 以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母后加-ed like, live, love, move try study cry worked, talked liked, lived, loved, moved tried, studied, cried worked, talked liked, lived, loved, moved tried, studied, cried planned, stopped . nodded chatted plan, stop . nod , planned, stopped . chat nodded chatted 特别提示:
在清辅音后读/t / 如:helped stopped
在元音或辅音后读/d / 如: stayed agreed
在辅音/t /,/d /后读/id/ 如: wanted needed (2)不规则动词变化表:( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
be(am,is) be(are) beat become begin blow break bring build buy can catch choose come cost cut dig do draw drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget freeze get
was were beat became began blew broke brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut dug did drew drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot froze got been been beaten become begun blown broken brought built bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown frozen got lose make may mean meet mistake must pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send set shall shine show shut sing sink sit smell speak 22
lost made might meant met mistook must paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set should shone showed shut sang sank/sunk set slept smelt spoke lost made meant met mistaken paid put Read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shone shown shut sung sunk/sunken set slept smelt spoken forgot/forgotten sleep give go grow hang have(has) hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay learn leave lend let lie gave went grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid learnt/learned left lent let lay given gone grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid learnt/learned left lent let lain spend spill spoil stand sweep swim take teach tell think throw understand wake wear will win write spent spilt spoilt stood swept swam took taught told thought threw understood woke/waked wore would won wrote spent spilt spoilt stood swept swum taken taught told thought thrown understood woken/waked worn won witten 4.用法及时间状语:
表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。
如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.
Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.
When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.
表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。 如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)
表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。
如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
⑤ 表示过去将要发生的动作。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将要发生的动作。 We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. He would let me know when he got information.
He promised to give me a dress when he came back next week.
第十二课时 现在进行时
一、现在进行时用法:
1,表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作。
Please don't make so much noise. I'm writing a composition. 不要吵闹。我正在写作文。 Let's set off. It isn?t raining now. 咱们出发吧。现在不下雨了。
这类情况常与now现在,at the present现在,at the moment现在,today今天,this week这个星期,this year今年等时间状语连用。有时通过上下文可以判断出应采用何种时态,如:
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It's four o'clock in the afternoon. The children are playing football on the sports ground. 现在是下午四点。孩子们在操场上踢足球。
Hurry up! We are all waiting for you. 快点!我们大家都等着你。
Look! They are reading over there under the tree. 看!他们在那边的树底下看书。 Listen! She is singing in the room. 听!她在房间里唱歌。
Where is Kate? She is reading in the room. 凯特在哪里?她在房间里看书。 Why are you crying? Is something wrong? 为什么哭呢?有什么不对?
2,表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作。
We are working in a factory these days. 这几天我们在一家工厂工作。 They are compiling a dictionary. 他们在编一本词典。
这类情况常与today今天,this week这个星期,this evening今天晚上,these days现在、目前等时间状语连用。 3,在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作。
They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。 Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗?
这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。
4,现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩。 He's always quarrelling with others. 他老喜欢跟别人吵架。
She is constantly worrying about her son's health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着。 The boy is forever asking questions. 那个男孩老是问问题。
这类情况常与always总是,usually通常,continually不断的,constantly经常的,forever永远、老是等副词连用。 5,有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情。 How are you feeling today? (How do you feel today?)你今天感觉如何? I am looking (look)forward to your next visit. 我盼望你下次再来。
Why are you looking(do you look)so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢?
6,有的动词用于现在进行时表示“逐渐”的含义。此种用法除了偶尔和now连用外,一般不和其他时间副词连用的。 Our study is becoming more interesting. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了。 The leaves are turning red. 树叶渐渐地变红了。 The war is ending. 战争接近尾声了。
Wait a moment; I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿,我的晚饭就要吃完了。
适合于此种用法的动词有:bet/grow/become/turn/run/go变成,begin开始,forget忘记,remember记得,die死,finish完成,find发现,rise增强等.
7,“be”动词的现在进行时。“be”动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的。 He is being foolish. 他在装傻。 He is being honest. 他表现得特别老实。 She is being rude. 她故意表现粗鲁。
I can't understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此时他为何如此自私。
适合于此种用法的有:foolish愚蠢的,nice好的,kind好心的,careful细心的,patient耐心的,lazy懒惰的,silly傻的,rude粗鲁的,polite礼貌的,impolite无礼的等表示人的特性、性格的形容词。(“be”动词用于现在进行时表示人的行为,纯粹表示心理或生理的状态而不带有行动时或主语不是人时,“be”动词不能用于现在进行时)如: I am happy.(表语是纯粹的心理状态,不可用am being) 我很快乐。
He's tired.(表语是纯粹的生理状态,不可用is being) 他很疲倦。
It's hot today.(主语不是人,不可用is being) 今天很热。 常和现在进行时连用的时间状语
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用法实例:
(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。
(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。 (3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如: We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如:
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。
一般结构:
肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它. 否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它? 特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
对一般疑问句作答,肯定回答:yes,主语+be,否定回答:no,主语+be not
对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes或No直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。 Eg:They are working these days. He is buying a bike.
They aren?t working these days. He isn’t buying a bike.
Are they working these days? Is he buying a bike? What are they doing these days? What is he doing ?
二、现在分词的变法有
1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing
Jump——jumping go——going pushing——pushing play——playing 2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加-ing.
Take——takeing leave——leaving write——writing have——having 3、.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写,再加上-ing. Cut—cutting put—putting stop—stopping fit—fitting begin—beginning forget—forgetting 4.以ie结尾的词,将ie变为y再加ing Lie—lying
注意:
把动词变成现在分词形式易出错 例:1、They are swiming.(swim)
2 、Jenny is plaiing(play)football. 答案:1.swimming 2 .playing 丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词
例:1、 Look,two children flying.(fly) a kite in the park.
2 、Li Mingisn’t read ( not read) a book in bed now.答案:1 are flying 2 isn’t reading 解析:现在进行时肯定句的结构规律为: “be+现在分词,缺一不可”。这一点必须牢记。 对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing
例:1 、The students are singing in the room.(对划线部分提问)
What are the students in the room?答案:What are the students doing in the room? 解析:现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式“What +be +主语+doing+其它?” 现在进行时态的选择疑问句中易忽视or后用现在分词形式 例:孩子们在跑还是在跳?
Are the children running or jump?答案:Are the children running or jumping? 解析: or连接的是两个并列成分,动词形式须一致。
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第十三课时 There be句型
There be 句型
1. 定义:There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构:(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.
there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。 eg. ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 ③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。
1).There be句型与have的区别
首先,从含义上说,There be表达的是“某地有某物”。
如,There is a tree in front of the house。房子前有一棵树。 而have讲的是“某人/某物拥有??”即指出的是宾语的所有者。 如:I have an interesting book。我有一本有趣的书。 The chair has three legs。这把椅子有三条腿。
其次,从直观上对比不难发现,一般There be句型直接置于句首,而have前面要有主语。这是因为There be句型是一个倒装句型,主语在be动词后。
2.)There be句型的就近原则
There be句型的就近原则也是主谓一致语法项目的重点考点。There be句型中be动词的单复数形式由后面挨近的一项的单复数决定。
如:There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk。
在本句中尽管有钢笔、书和铅笔,但是由于离be动词最近的一项是单数a pen,因此,be动词用单数is。
3).There be句型的否定和疑问
There be句型的疑问句是把题目中具体的be动词形式提前,否定是在be动词后加not。但是一般后面的名词前有a或any,那么此时not any或not a可以转化为no。
如:There isn’t a book in the bag.=There is no book in the bag。
关于There be句型的反意疑问句需要特殊说明的是,后面的疑问部分要用使用句型原貌,不能将there改成it或其他代词。
如:There was a meeting yesterday, wasn’t there?不能写成wasn’t it。
4).There be句型的时态
There be句型的时态根据时间状语和就近原则分别为: 一般现在时There is/are 一般过去时There was/were
一般将来时There is going to be/There will be
还有There used to be;There must/may/can be等形式。其中,一般将来时的形式在初中考试中常出现。 如:There _____ a basketball match tomorrow。
A.is going to have B.are going to have C.is going to be D.are going to be 由于就近原则我们当然选单数,排除B、D,由于题目横线前已表明There,所以选C。
5.)There be句型中的动词
There be句型中的动词根据需要,有时可以用lie/stand/live/enter/happen/remain/seem to be等代替be动词。如:
There stands a tree in front of the house。
Long long ago,There lived an old man. He was very poor。 6.There is+no+名词??句型
如:There is no need to tell him the news. He has known it。
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常用句型有There is no need to do something。做某事没有必要。 There is no sense in doing something。做某事没有意义。
There is no point in doing something。做某事没有意义或没用。
other,another,others,the others,the other的用法和区别
1.other可作形容词或代词,做形容词时,意思是“别的,其他”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。如: Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗? Ask some other people. 问问别人吧!
Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。
2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时,只能用the other,不能用another,此时的other作代词。如: He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人。
the other后可加单数名词,也可加复数名词,此时的other作形容词。如: On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵大树。
Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。
He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。
3.others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”,“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如: Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞,其余的从事体育活动。 Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧! There are no others. 没有别的了。
4.the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”。是the other的复数形式。如: Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里。
the others=the other +复数名词,这在第2条中已经有所介绍。
5.another=an+ other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如: I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人。 else表示“另外的”表示“除此之外 ,还有”,相当于besides,如: What else can I say? 我还能说什么呢?
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have作实义动词
1.表示“有”的意思
Look, I have wings, just like you. He had fair hair and blue eyes. 〔注1〕:其否定和疑问形式变化,在美国通常用助动词do。 〔注2〕:在英国口语中常用have got代替have. Look, can’t you see I've got teeth, too, I haven't got any jewelry.
2.have和一些其他名词连用,表示: (1)一种活动。
We have no classes on Sunday.(上课)
they’re going to have a volleyball match.(举行比赛) Are we going to have a meeting this week?(开会) We are going to have a talk this afternoon.(听报告) (2)患病。
I have got a headache. I have a bad cold. (3)发生的情况。
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.(跌跤) (4)生育。
The queen ant may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer.
3.和一与动词同形的名词连用,表示一个动作(have+a+由动词转化和名词) Are you going to have a swim. I have a long talk with the teacher.
4.have on sth.或have sth. on,表示“穿着”、“戴着”(=to be wearing) I noticed he had on bedroom slippers.
At the ball Motile had a diamond necklace on. 5.表示“吃”、“喝”
I wanted to have a cup of tea and some eggs. Does she have lunch at home?
6.组成复合结构即“have+宾语+宾语补足语”
(1)不加to的动词不定式作宾语补足语(have sb. do sth.),表示让、叫某人做某事。 The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 〔注〕:否定结构表示“不能让…”或“从未有人…”. We won't have you blame it on others.
She had never had anybody speak to her that way before.
(2)现在分词作宾语补足语(have sb.(sth.)doing),表示让(使)某人做某事。 …the two men had their lights burning all night long…. (3)过去分词作宾语补足语(have sb. (sth.)done),表示: ①使(让,请)别人作某事,表示的动作是别人做的。 Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls joined up.
…he should have new clothes made of this splendid cloth for the coming great procession. ②遭遇到某事。
Workers in some industries have their hearing harmed by the noise of the machine.
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