32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing
34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)
41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production
英语语言学试题（9）
语言学试题及参考答案
I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language
2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative
C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix \in the word \is known as a(n) __________.
A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form
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4. In the phrase structure rule \→NP VP\ A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates
5. \ A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with
6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances
8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically
9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.
A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills
C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning
10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year. A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic
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f before they can do anything else.
12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules. 13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme. 14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as \ 15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .
16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.
17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.
18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \ speech,\ 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the \
22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.
25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language. 28. ( ) The sentences \because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system. 30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)
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31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair 34. derivational affixes 35. syntax
36. language transfer 37. hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortex
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English. 42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.
语言学试题参考答案
一、 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D 6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D
二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11、knowledge 12、bilabial
13、morphology 14、sentence 15、complete
16、representatives 17、coinage 18、delete 19、critical
20、interlanguage
三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
21、F
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Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.
22、F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.
23、F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound \
24、F
Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.
25、F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, \Scottish dialect, and \
26、T
27、T
28、F
They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.
29、F
The true statement is \to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life\
30、T
四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.
32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks. 34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
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