第五节 被动语态，练习及其译法、阅读理解讲解
第一部分 被动语态的使用
1．主动语态变被动语态的方法
主动语态变被动语态要遵循以下的规律：“主（语）变宾（语），宾（语）变主（语），动词变‘be + done’，其余部分带下来。” *done代表各种动词的过去分词。
e.g.: The student broke the window yesterday. 主语 动词 宾语 其余部分
The window was broken by the student yesterday. 主语 动词（be done形式） 宾语 其余部分
I am carrying a box into the room. 我正在把一个箱子搬进房间。
The box is being carried by I (me) into the room. 一个箱子正在被我搬进房间。 （主语I变成by形式，宾语a box变成主语放在句首，动词am carrying 变成is being carried形式，而其他部分into the room带到下句,一般将by结构省略。） 2．几种特殊句型的被动语态 ①含有双宾语句子的被动语态。
e.g.: I gave him a pen.
主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语
本句有两种变法，既可以将间接宾语变成主语(a)，有可以把直接宾语变成主语(b)。
a. You were given a pen. b. A pen was given to you.
注意将直接宾语变成主语，要用to来连接动词和间接宾语（宾格形式），切不可省略。
②含有复合宾语句子的被动语态。
e.g.: We elected him our president.
主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语
按照变化规律本句应变化为：
He was elected our president by we (us). 但是有些情况（如下），要用to来连接宾语补足语和动词。 I made the door open.
The door was made to open.
*注意：在本句中make是使役动词(包括感观动词)，它后接不加to的不定式做宾语补足语，但是变成被动语态时要将to还原，不可省略。 She saw me walking along the street.
I was seen to being walked along the street ③含有情态动词句子的被动语态。
e.g.: He need look after his mother in the hospital. 按照变化规律本句应变化为：
His mother need be looked after in the hospital.
含有情态动词句子变被动语态的规律是：情态动词+be+动词原形。 ④含有动词词组句子的被动语态。
e.g.: He looked at the picture. 按照变化规律本句应变化为： The picture was looked at by he (him).
注意：在过去分词looked后，切记不要忘记at这个介词，因为look at是完整的动词词组。
⑤含有宾语从句的被动语态。 e.g.: I think that she is a nurse.
如果按照变化规律变化本句的话，宾语是一个句子，而不是词。这时可以有以下两种变化方法：
将宾语从句中的主语看作宾语而进行变化，即：She is thought to be a nurse by
I (me).
将宾语从句用it这个形式主语来代替而进行变化，即：It is thought that she is
a nurse by I (me).
We said that he has been rich. 变化为：
第二部分 词汇及语法练习
41. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people ________.
A) have objected B) objected C) must object D) will object 42. There was a ________ drop in support for the Union in the 1974 election. A) delicate B) distinct C) distant D) downward
43. The computer works very fast, ________ data at the speed of light. A) having handled B) handing C) handled D) hands
44. Through out his life, Henry Moore ________ an interest in encouraging art in the city of Leeds.
A) contained B) secured C) reserved D) maintained 45. They claim that ________ 1,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis. A) sufficiently B) approximately C) considerably D) properly
46. If you happen to ________ my lost papers while you’re looking for your book, please let me know at once by telephone.
A) come across B) come up C) come to D) properly
47. Her fluency in English gives her an advantage ________ other girls for the job. A) above B) over C) than D) with
48. It is ________ impossible to find a good educational computer program in this part of the country.
A) barely B) hardly C) merely D) nearly 49. What he told us about the affair simply doesn’t make any ________. A) sense B) idea C) meaning D) significance
50. As a mother, she is too ________ towards her daughter, she should let her see more of the world.
A) hopeful B) protective C) modest D) confident 51. “Doesn’t he know that it is not ________?” “Yes, he does.” A) truth B) some truth C) the truth D) any truth 52. That tree looked as if it ________ for a long time.
A) hasn’t watered B ) didn’t water C) hadn’t been watered D ) wasn’t watered 53. Hitler set out to conquer all of Europe in the belief that the Germans were the master ________.
A) race B) human C) blood D) brains
54. Ever since Picasso’s painting went on exhibit, there ________ large crowds at the museum every day.
A) is B) has been C) have been D) are being
55. Don’t forget to walk the dog while I am away, ________. A) can you B) shall you C) do you D) will you 56. It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have ________ weather. A) so fine B) such a fine C) such fine D) so fine a
57. There were beautiful clothes ________ in the shop windows. A) spread B) displayed C) exposed D) located 58. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw ________.
A) so that to get not involved B) so as to get not involved C) so as not to get involved D) so that not to get involved
59. ________ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.
A) Since the loss of 50,000 soldiers B) Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost C) Having lost over 50,000 soldiers D) 50,000 soldiers were lost
60. Knowing something as a whole is far from knowing all its ________. A) instance B) character C) items D) details 61. ________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. A) Had it not been B ) It were not C) Weren’t it D) Had not it been 62. The minister had his secretaries ________ a press conference. A) arrange B) to arrange C) arranging D) arranged
63. She left the reception early because she ________ get up early the next morning. A) needed B) might C) used to D) had to 64. Let’s not wait any longer, he might not ________ at all. A) turn over B) turn up C) used to D) turn down
65. Anne couldn’t concentrate ________ what she was doing while her family were watching TV.
A) to B) on C) for D) in
66. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ________ from you sometime. A) to have heard B) to hear C) having heard D) hearing 67. ________ men have learned much from the behavior of animals in badly new. A) That B) Those C) What D) Whether
68. It’s necessary ________ the dictionary immediately.
A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return
69. Franklin’s ability to learn from observations and experience ________ greatly to his success in public life.
A) contributed B) owed C) attached D) related
70. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be seen ________ immediately.
A) to B) at C) on D) with
第三部分 被动语态的翻译方法
1. Today this treasury if silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective system.
现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。
2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully understood. 然而现代的人却让尼罗河发生了变化，不过就连他们自己也不完全了解尼罗河究竟发生了什么变化。
3. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. 因为它非常润滑，所以可以用作润滑剂。 4. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。
5. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refinery to be treated. The commonest from of treatment is heating. When the oil is heating, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporized. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。最普通的处理就是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩为煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油了，可以用作燃料。
第四部分 阅读理解讲解及练习（见PPT）
Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. And good writers, good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown. Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose-schoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication. You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.
There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rate kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to work from. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves.
We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some “letters-to-be-read” file (档案) or into a wastepaper basket. This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practicing the skill of interesting, effective writing. 36. In this passage, good writing is compared to fine food because ________.
A) both writers and cooks have to work long hours every day B) both are essential to life
C) both writers and cooks can earn a good living D) both are enjoyable 37. A public “scribe” (Para. 2, Line 1) is ________.
A) a secretary who does your business or social writing B) a machine that does
writing for you
C) a public school where writing is taught D) a person who ears a living by writing for others 38. According to the passage, some managers don’t have to do any letter writing because ________.
A) they rely on quick notes B) they have excellent secretaries C) they have a computer to do it D) they prefer making phone calls
39. According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some “letter-to-be-read” file, ________.
A) it will receive immediate attention B) it will be dealt with by the secretary C) it is likely to be neglected D) it is meant to be delivered soon 40. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ________. A) to explain and persuade B) to comment and criticize C) to interest and entertain D) to argue and demonstrate
第六节 被动语态，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解
第一部分 词汇及语法练习
41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ________ for her examination.
A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared 42. Five minutes earlier, ________ we could have caught the last train. A) and B) but C) or D) an order
43. I cannot give you ________ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
A) an expense B) a charge C) a purchase D) an order 44. After ________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed 45. By the end of this month, we surely ________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding
46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to ________ any further responsibilities. A) take on B) get on C) put up D) look up
47. Having no money but ________ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A) not to want anyone B) not wanting anyone C) wanted no one D) to want no one
48. We desire that the tour leader ________ us immediately of any change in plans. A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed
49. Not ________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A) obviously B) surprisingly C) particularly D) normally
50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ________ the guards discovered what had happened.
A) before B) until C) since D) when
51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ________ the developments and
recorded every detail.
A) in B) at C) for D) on 52. There’s little chance that mankind would ________ a nuclear war. A) retain B) endure C) maintain D) survive 53. Nuclear science be developed to benefit the people ________ harm them. A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than
54. They usually have less money at the end of the month than ________ at the beginning.
A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is
55. In the course of a day students do far more than just ________ classes. A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending
56. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ________ to be a great disappointment.
A) turned up B) turned in C) turned out D) turned down
57. Many difficulties have ________ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.
A) risen B) arisen C) raised D) arrived
58. He made such a ________ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.
A) genuine B) minimum C) modest D) generous 59. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, of course, made the others jealous.
A) who B) that C ) what D) which 60. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly ________. A) gaps B) intervals C) length D) distance
61. Mr. Johnson preferred ________ heavier work to do.
A) to be given B) to be given C) to have given D) having given 62. I remember ________ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A) once offering B) him once offering C) him to offer D) to offer him 63. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ________. A) out of work B ) out of stock C) out of reach D) out of practice
64. Our company decided to ________ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.
A) destroy B) resist C) assume D) cancel 65. She is ________ a musician than her brother.
A) much of B) much as C) more of D) more as
66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe ________ by the judge. A) service B) sentence C) crime D) crisis
67. ________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer. A) That B) Which C) As D) It
68. The residents, ________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A) all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes
69. You can’t afford to let the situation get worse. You must take ________ to put it right.
A) decisions B) directions C) sides D) steps 70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________ your advice. A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed
第二部分 被动语态长难句分析及翻译
1. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
2. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. 译文：一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。
第三部分 阅读理解练习
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer’s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in questions. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo (立体声音响) does not work.”
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step
further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________.
A) complain personally to the manager B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store or purchase D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store 32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it’s better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B) the store manager C) the manufacturer D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________. A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item C) saying firmly that the item of poor quality D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase “live up” (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________. A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of 35. The passage tells us ________.
A) how to settle a consumer’s complaint about a faulty item B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers