【备考必备】托福TPO16阅读长难句资料汇总
在这里小编为大家带来托福TPO16阅读长难句，希望对大家提高托福阅读水平有所帮助!
托福TPO16阅读长难句TPO16：Trade and the Ancient Middle East
1. This has been so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the
area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of metallic ore
and other useful materials Ancient demands for obsidian (a black volcanic rock
useful for making mirrors and tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north,
while jade for cutting tools was broughtfrom Turkistan, and the precious stone
lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan.
2. Records show merchant caravans and trading posts set up by the Sumerians
in the surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they
traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals
and gems.
3. In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters
labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of
the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often
had assumed (or real) kinshiprelationships.
4. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus
was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from
international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves,
much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders.
5. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or
quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that
flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with
one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following
their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus
while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.
6. As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of
character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little
regulation, where one’s word is one’s bond and where informal ties of trust
cement together an international trade network.
7. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic
professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the
open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one’s fellows, and
ntrepreneurial skill make all the difference.
8. The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was
intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes
could undermine the monetarybase and erode state power, as occurred when
European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama’s
voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern
route.
托福TPO16阅读长难句TPO16：Development of the Periodic Table
1. When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic
mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical
groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated
itself at regular intervals.
2. Thus when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new
horizontal row with each alkali metal, elements of the same groups were
automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the
elements.
3. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two
elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a
completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium
and tin.
4. Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and
discovered thatit was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been
noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been
known on Earth.
TPO16：Planets in Our Solar System
1. Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at
the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely
to acquire the speed needed to escape.
2. The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much
larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these
bodies’ relative closeness to the Sun, which meant that their temperatures were
relatively high.
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