connected to the engine camshaft. At the heart of the actuator is the torque motor beam, which is balanced when the engine is operating at the desired speed.油液压力由一个伺服电动泵提供，它通过连接在柴油机凸轮轴上的轴系驱动。执行器的核心是一个力矩马达杆，通过柴油机工作在一个设定速度下与之平衡。
a. Consider a load increase.负载增加时
The controller increases current to the torque motor which, in turn, causes the centre adjust end of the torque motor beam to be lowered. Oil flow through the nozzle is reduced, which increases pressure on the top of the pilot valve plunger. 控制器会增加力矩马达的电流，相应的会引起力矩马达杆的复位端降低。经过喷嘴的油液流量降低，从而导阀柱塞顶部的压力升高。This moves downward, uncovering the port which allows pressure oil to the lower face of the power piston, which in turn moves upwards, rotating the terminal shaft thereby increasing the fuel to the engine. 柱塞向下移动会打开油口，让压力油流向动力活塞的下端面，相应的会让活塞向上移动，旋转终端轴，因此增加了柴油机供油量。As the terminal shaft rotates the torque motor beam is pulled upwards by increased tension in the feedback spring, increasing the clearance between the centers adjust and the nozzle.随着终端轴旋转，通过反馈弹簧张力增加，力矩马达杆被向上拉伸，增加复位端和喷嘴的间隙。 Leakage past the nozzle increases, reducing the pressure on the upper face of the pilot valve plunger and allowing the pilot valve to move upwards. 经过喷嘴的泄漏量增加，降低了导阀活塞上端面的压力，从而让导阀向上移动。This cuts off further oil to the power piston, and movement of the fuel control linkage ceases. Balance is restored to the torque motor beam with downward force from the feedback spring being matched by upwards force from oil leakage from the nozzle. 这样会进一步切断到动力活塞的油液，并且燃油控制杆的运动停止。从反馈弹簧来的向下的力与喷嘴泄漏引起的向上的力相匹配，重新让力矩马达杆恢复平衡。The engine then operates at an increased fuel setting which matches the new load requirement at the set speed.然后柴油机就工作在一个供油量增大后的设定位置，在设定转速下与新的负载要求相匹配。 b. Consider a load reduction.负载减少时
A decrease in load produces a reduction in current acting on the torque motor, which tends to turn the beam in an anti-clockwise direction about the torque motor pivot, resulting in an increased clearance between the centre adjust and the nozzle. 负载减少会让作用在力矩马达上的电流降低，引起控制杆绕着力矩马达支点逆时针方向转动，导致复位端和喷嘴之间间隙加大。Pressure reduces on the upper face of the pilot valve plunger and the pilot valve moves upwards, allowing the lower face of the power piston to connect with the geromotor pump suction. 在导阀柱塞上端面的压力会降低，导阀向上移动，让动力活塞的下端面与伺服电动泵的吸入口连接。The power piston moves downwards, rotating the terminal shaft which reduces fuel to the engine and tension in the feedback spring.动力活塞向下移动，旋转终端轴，从而降低柴油机供油量和减少反馈弹簧张力。 The centre adjust end of the torque motor beam is forced down, thereby reducing clearance between the centre adjust and the nozzle.力矩马达杆的复位端受力向下，因此减少了复位端和喷嘴之间的间隙。 Leakage past the nozzle reduces pressure on the upper face of the pilot valve increases and the pilot valve moves upwards, shutting off the connection between the lower face of the power piston and pump suction. The engine now operates with reduced load and reduced fuel, but at the same original speed.经过喷嘴的泄漏减少，在导阀上端面的压力就会升高，推动导阀向上移动，关闭动力活塞下端面与液压泵吸入口的连接。这样柴油机可以在低负荷和低耗油量下工作，但是和原来的旋转速度一样。
Engine Over speed Trip柴油机超速装置
An over speed trip is required to ensure the fuel supply will be removed from an engine should its speed exceed a predetermined value. 假如柴油机转速超过了预先设定值，那么需要一个超速装置保证柴油机的燃油供给被切断。Any over speed device requires manual resetting. It should not be able to automatically reset after speed is reduced as the reason for over speeding may still exist and the engine will race again.任何超速装置都需要手动重新设定。在柴油机速度下降以后，一定不能自动的重新设定，因为超速原因仍然可能存在，柴油机将会重新超速。 Over speeding results if the engine load is suddenly removed by, for example, failure of a clutch or fracture of an alternator drive shaft. 举个例子来说，假如离合器失效或者发电机驱动轴断裂，柴油机的负载会突然消失，结果就会出现超速。 It is unusual for over speeding to occur due to governor failure as fuel linkages are normally arranged so that failure in any part of the governor system results in fuel being shut off. 由于调速器失效而引起的超速是不正常的，因为一旦调速器系统任何部分失效，都会导致正常布置的燃油控制杆切断燃油。Some engines are fitted with two independent over speed devices, an electro-pneumatic device with a tripping speed set about 15 percent above the nominal speed and a mechanical device set to about 18 per cent above nominal speed.一些柴油机安装两个独立超速装置，一个电气装置，跳闸速度设定在正常速度的15%以上，一个机械装置，设定在正常速度的18%以上。 The electro-pneumatic device, as fitted to Wartsila engines, has spring loaded pneumatic cylinders at each fuel pump, and when tripping occur each fuel pump rack is moved to the 'no-fuel' position.对于安装在瓦锡兰柴油机上的电气装置来说，在每个燃油泵上有一个弹簧加载气缸，当跳闸发生，每个燃油泵齿条就被移动到“停油”位置。 During normal operation the spring force keeps the operating end of the rod clear of the pin at the end of the fuel rack, which can therefore be moved to any fuel position.在正常工作条件下，弹簧力保证控制杆的工作端没有和燃油齿条的末端销子接触，这样齿条就可以被移动到任何的油门位置。 Should over speed occur a solenoid valve is actuated which allows air into the cylinder to act on the piston, moving it against the spring force. 一旦发生超速，电磁阀被触发，让空气进入到气缸内作用在活塞上，移动活塞来克服弹簧力。This causes the operating end of the piston rod to pull the pin on the end of the fuel rack fully over, shutting off fuel completely. 这样会引起活塞杆的工作端把燃油齿条末端的销子完全拉到一边，完整的切断供油。A simple mechanical device may have a spring loaded button set into the rotating camshaft; when the speed exceeds a certain value, centrifugal force causes the button to move outward against the spring and actuate a system of levers which will move the fuel regulating lever to the full-off position. Both over speed devices can be tripped manually if required.一个简单的机械装置可能有一个弹簧加载按钮组设置在旋转的凸轮轴上；当柴油机转速超过某一数值时，离心力会让按钮会克服弹簧力向外移动，并且触发控制杆系统，将燃油控制杆移动到全关位置。按照需要两个超速装置可以被手动跳闸。
LESSON 11
INTELLIGENT ENGINES 智能柴油机
Both MAN B&W Diesel and New Sulzer Diesel demonstrated 'camshaft less' operation with
their research engines, applying electronically controlled fuel injection and exhaust valve actuation systems. MAN B&W 和New Sulzer 柴油机厂商利用他们研究的柴油机说明了无凸轮轴运行过程，无凸轮轴柴油机应用电子技术控制燃油喷射系统和排气阀启闭系统。Continuing R&D will pave the way for a future generation of highly reliable 'intelligent engines': those which monitor their own condition and adjust parameters for optimum performance in all operating regimes, including fuel-optimized and emissions-optimized modes. 不断地开发研究为将来生产高可靠性的智能柴油机做好了准备，在所有运行期间它们能够自己监测本身的工作状态，不断调整参数实现最佳工作性能。包括燃油优化模式与排放优化模式。An intelligent engine-management system will effectively close the feedback loop by built-in expert knowledge.智能柴油机的管理系统通过内置的专家知识形成有效地闭环反馈回路。
Engine performance data will be constantly monitored and compared with defined values in the expert system; if deviations are detected corrective action is automatically taken to restore the situation to normal. 不断地监测发动机的性能参数，与专家系统规定的值进行比较，如果发现有偏差，会自动采取正确的动作使系统状态恢复正常。A further step would incorporate not only engine optimizing functions but management responsibilities, such as maintenance planning and spare parts control. 进一步来看，智能柴油机不仅包括柴油机的优化功能也包括管理方面的职责，比如维护保养计划和备件控制等。
To meet the operational flexibility target, MAN B&W Diesel explains, it is necessary to be able to change the timing of the fuel injection and exhaust valve systems while the engine is running. 为了满足操作上的灵活性（MAN B&W 柴油机厂商观点）柴油机运转的时候，必须能够改变燃油喷射系统和排气系统的正时，To achieve this objective with cam-driven units would involve a substantial mechanical complexity which would undermine engine reliability. 凸轮轴驱动单元为了实现这个目的就要增加大量机械复杂性，这会降低柴油机的可靠性。
To meet the reliability target it is necessary to have a system which can actively protect the engine from damage due to overload, lack of maintenance and maladjustments. 为了满足可靠性，必须要有一个系统，它能够防止柴油机由于超负荷、疏于维护保养和误调整所造成的损坏。A condition monitoring system must be used to evaluate the general condition of the engine, thus maintaining its performance and keeping its operating parameters within prescribed limits. 一个状态监控系统必须用来评估柴油机的整体状态，维持它的工作性能，保证运行参数在规定范围内。The condition monitoring and evaluation system is an on-line system with automatic sampling of all 'normal' engine performance data, supplemented by cylinder pressure measurements. 状态检测和评估系统是一种在线系统，该系统能够自动抽取所有正常的柴油机性能参数，再通过汽缸压力测量单元增补一些数据。The system will report and actively intervene when performance parameters show unsatisfactory deviations. 当性能参数间出现令人不满意的偏差，这个系统将会汇报并积极调整。The cylinder pressure data delivered by the measuring system are used for various calculations:汽缸压力数据由测量系统传送用来各种计算：
1. The mean indicated pressure is determined as a check on cylinder load distribution as
well as total engine output.平均指示压力是用来检查各缸上的负荷分配和整个柴油机的功率输出。
2. The compression pressure is determined as an indicator of excessive leakage caused by,
for example, a burnt exhaust valve or collapsed piston rings (the former condition is usually accompanied by an increased exhaust gas temperature in the cylinder in question).压缩压力是一些过度漏泄的指示，例如一个烧坏的排气阀或失效的活塞环都会引起
漏泄，排气阀烧坏通常伴有该缸排气温度升高的问题。
3. The cylinder wall temperature is monitored as an additional of the piston ring condition.
监测汽缸壁温度可以作为活塞环的额外检测。
4. The firing pressure is determined for injection timing control and for control of
mechanical loads.发火压力用力控制燃油喷射正时和机械负荷。
5. The rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release are determined for combustion quality
evaluation as a warning in the event of 'bad fuels' and to indicate any risk of piston ring problems in the event of high dp/dt values.压缩比升高和放热率用来评估燃烧质量，如果燃烧质量差的燃油也可以作为警告，如果有高的压力温度比，可以指示出活塞环存在问题的风险
The cylinder condition monitoring system is intended to detect faults such as blow-by past the piston rings, cylinder liner scuffing and abnormal combustion. 汽缸状态监控系统用来发现一些故障，如活塞环漏气、汽缸套刮伤和不正常燃烧。The detection of severe anomalies by the integrated systems triggers a changeover to a special operating mode for the engine, the 'engine protection mode'.一旦通过整个系统发现严重的不正常事件，就触发一个完全不同的特殊的运行模式，柴油机的保护模式。The control system will contain data for optimum operation in a number of different modes, such as 'fuel economy mode', 'emission controlled mode', 'reversing/crash stop mode' and various engine protection modes. 控制系统会中止从最优操作获得数据，而运行在一些不同的模式，如燃油经济模式、排放控制模式、倒车/突然停车模式和各种柴油机保护模式。The load limiter system (load diagram compliance system) aims to prevent any overloading of the engine in conditions such as heavy weather, fouled hull, shallow water, too heavy propeller layout or excessive shaft alternator output. 负荷限制系统的目的是防止柴油机在一些情况下有任何超负荷的现象发生，比如恶劣天气、船舶污底、浅水域、螺旋桨太重或者轴带发电机的输出过大。This function will appear as a natural part of future governor specifications.这些功能将看起来是未来管理规范中很正常的一部分。
The fuel injection system is operated without a conventional camshaft, using high pressure hydraulic oil from an engine-driven pump as a power source and an electronically controlled servo system to drive the injection pump plunger. 燃油喷射系统不用传统的凸轮轴驱动，而是利用柴油机轴带泵作动力源输出高压液压油来保证喷射系统工作，一个电子控制的伺服系统驱动喷射泵的柱塞。The INFI (intelligent fuel injection) system and the INVA (intelligent valve actuation) system for operating the exhaust valves, when operated in the electronic mode, receive the electronic signals to the control units. 当柴油机运行在电子模式，智能燃油喷射系统和操作排气阀的智能阀启闭系统从控制单元获得电信号。In the event of failure of the electronic control system the engine is controlled by a mechanical input supplied by a diminutive camshaft giving full redundancy.如果电子控制系统失效，柴油机通过备用的小型凸轮轴的机械输入来控制，
Unlike a conventional, cam-driven pump the INFI pump has a variable stroke and will only pressurize the amount of fuel to be injected at the relevant load. 不像传统的凸轮轴驱动的燃油喷射泵，智能燃油喷射泵有一个变化的冲程，在相应的负荷下压缩需要喷射的燃油量。In the electronic mode (that is, operating without a camshaft) the system can perform as a single injection system as well as a pre-injection system with a high degree of freedom to modulate the process in terms of injection rate, timing, duration, pressure, single/double injection, cam profile and so on. 在电子模式下（也就是没有凸轮轴驱动），喷射系统按单
喷射系统工作，也就是一个预喷射系统，它能够根据喷射率、喷射正时、喷射持续时间、喷射压力、单喷/双喷、凸轮轮廓等可以高度自由调整喷射过程。Several optimized injection patterns can be stored in the computer and chosen by the control system in order to operate the engine with optimum injection characteristics at several loads: from dead slow to overload as well as for starting, astern running and crash stop. 一些优化的喷射方式能够储存在计算机里，在一些负荷形势下，可由控制系统选择合适的方式，使柴油机以最好的燃油喷射特性工作，比如从微速到超负荷，还有启动、倒车和突然停止。Changeover from one to another of the stored injection characteristics is affected from one injection to the next. 突然从储存的一种喷油特性转换为另一种的时候，前一个喷油特性会影响的下一个喷油特性。The system is able to adjust the injection amount and injection timing for each cylinder individually in order to achieve the same load (mean indicated pressure) and the same firing pressure in all cylinders; or, in protection mode, to reduce the load and on a given single cylinder if the need arises.系统能够单独调整每一个缸的喷的量和喷油正时，这样能够实现每一个缸达到相同的负荷（平均指示压力）和相同的发火压力，在保护模式时，如果某一个缸需要的话，可以单独降低该缸的负荷。
The exhaust valve system (INVA) is driven on the same principles as the fuel injection system, exploiting the same high pressure hydraulic oil supply and a similar facility for mechanical redundancy.排气阀系统的动作原理与燃油喷射系统一样，同样利用高压液压油和相似的设备作为机械备用。 The need for controlling exhaust valve operation is basically limited to timing the opening and closing of the valve. 控制排气阀的动作主要是限制启闭的正时，The control system is thus simpler than that for fuel injection.因此排气阀的控制系统要燃油喷射系统简单。
Cylinder lubrication is controllable from the condition evaluation system so that the lubricating oil amount can be adjusted to match the engine load. 汽缸润滑系统可以通过状态评估系统控制，润滑油的量可以根据柴油机负荷调整。Dosage is increased in line with load changes and if the need is indicated by the cylinder condition monitoring system (in the event of liner scuffing and ring blow-by, for example). Such systems are already available for existing engines.润滑油使用剂量的增加与柴油机负荷改变相一致，或者如果需要的话是由汽缸状态监控系统直接指示。
The turbocharging system control will incorporate control of the scavenge air pressure if a turbocharger with variable turbine nozzle geometry is used, and control of bypass valves, turbo compound system valves and turbocharger cut-off valves if such valves are incorporated in the system. 涡轮增压系统的控制包含扫气压力的控制（如果涡轮增压器使用变涡轮喷嘴结构）还包括旁通阀控制、涡轮混合系统阀控制和增压器隔离阀控制（如果系统中装配了这些阀）。Valves for any selective catalytic reduction (SCR) exhaust gas cleaning system installed will also be controlled.如果安装了任何选择性催化还原排气处理系统，则该系统的阀也需要控制。
Operating modes may be selected from the bridge control system or by the system's own control system. 操作模式可以从驾驶台控制系统选择，也可以从机旁控制系统选择。The former case applies to the fuel economy modes and the emission-controlled modes (some of which may incorporate the use of an SCR system). 前一种情况下，主要考虑燃油经济模式和排放物控制模式（有时可能包含使用催化还原系统）The optimum reversing/crash stop modes are selected by the system itself when the bridge control system requests the engine to carry out the corresponding operation. 当驾驶台控制系统要求执行相应的操作，系统本身会选择倒车/突然停止的优化模式。Engine protection mode, in contrast, will be selected by the condition monitoring and evaluation system independently of actual operating modes (when this is not