2014冀教版八年级上册英语导学案Lesson23People in my neighborh

课 题 主备人 Lesson 23 People in my neighborhood 组员 课 型 新授课 学 习 1. Words: kind, exciting, project, interview, job, planning, second, warm, 目 2. Known words and expressions: know about, full of, a pair of; 标 重点 难点 学习用学过的词语谈论你生活的社区 二次备课 1. 与社区相关的名词 1.Know about_______________ 2.a pair of pants_______________ 3.delicious smells _______________ 4.full of _______________ 5. get up___________ 自学6.I miss my neighborhood in London 检7. Our teacher asked us to interview people about their jobs. 测 8.Mr. Green likes to be a tailor. 9. He was busy fixing a pair of pants. A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. \exact definition. Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur – the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control.\课word for \堂In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford, “Neighbourhoods, in some 探究 primitive, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighbourhoods.” [3] Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods.[4] Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities.[5] Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities.[6] In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control.[7] Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to a high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level.Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialised by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past.[9] (American spelling: Neighborhood, English spelling: Neighbourhood. Sociology A neighbourhood watch sign in Jefferson County, Colorado Neighbourhoods have several advantages as areas for policy analysis as well as an arena for social action:Neighbourhoods are common, and perhaps close to universal, since most people in urbanised areas would probably consider themselves to be living in one.Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door.Successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low.With neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner; the crosswalk is painted; the trees are planted; the festival draws a crowd.Visible and swift results are indicators of success; and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased.Because neighbourhood action usually involves others, such actions create or strengthen connections and relationships with other neighbours, leading in turn to a variety of potentially positive effects, often hard to predict.Over and above these community advantages, neighbourhood activity may simply be enjoyable and fun for those taking part.But in addition to these benefits, considerable research indicates that strong and cohesive neighbourhoods and communities are linked –quite possibly causally linked – to decreases in crime, better outcomes for children, and improved physical and mental health. The social support that a strong neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity.