与原文之间的语际连贯,即“忠实原则”,但后两者都必须服从于目的原则。
Skopos theory: pros and cons Pros:
1. Purpose governs translation;
2. produce equivalence to various aspects of the source text, that is, one text various translations; 3. client is a key factor; 4. free from control of language. Cons:
1. Concept of purpose is too unstable;
2. without equivalence, the translator may deviate from the original text; 3. accuracy can be compromised;
Skopos theory examples What’s in a name?
It sounds ordinary on paper. A white shirt with a blue check. In fact, if you asked most men if they had a white shirt with a blue check, they’d say yes.
But the shirt illustrated on the opposite page is an adventurous white and blue shirt. Yet it would fit beautifully into your wardrobe. And no one would accuse you of looking less than a gentleman. Predictably, the different white and blue check shirt has a different name. Viyella House. It’s tailored in crisp cool cotton and perfectly cut out for city life. Remember our name next time you are hunting for a shirt to give you more than just a background for your tie.
On women and children’s wear as well as on men’s shirts, our label says—quietly but persuasively—all there is to say about our good quality and your good taste. Our label is our promise.
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名字算什么?
写在纸上它听起来平平常常。带蓝格的白衬衫。事实上,如果你问大多数男人他们是否有带蓝格的白衬衫,他们都会说有。
但是,下页展示的衬衫是色调大胆的蓝格白衬衫。它会为你的衣櫃横添风采,穿上它没有人会责怪你缺少绅士派头。可以预想,这种不同的蓝格白衬衫会有一个不同凡响的名字:维耶拉。它为都市生活选用凉爽的棉布精裁细製。下一次你寻购衬衫时请记住我们的名字,它给你的不仅是作爲领带的背景。
对妇女和儿童的服装正如我们对男人衬衫的承诺,我们的品牌悄悄地动人地说, 这裡展示的是我们的上乘质量和你们的一流品位。
(A translation guided by equivalence theory. Flexible places still can be seen.) 名牌推荐
英国人以其衬衫的风度闻名世界。其知名品牌就是维耶拉衬衫,它以精纺棉布为面料,由英国维耶拉品牌精心裁製,质量上乘,畅销世界。维耶拉特此郑重地承诺:蓝格白底,是白马王子的首选,风度翩翩,惹来窈窕淑女的青睞。穿上维耶拉, 男人闯天下。穿上维耶拉,生活真瀟洒。
维耶拉还请您关注我们出品的妇女和儿童服装,百分之百的一流品位,百分之百的质量保证。 (A translation guided by Skopos theory.)
Examples about names:
1.Tiger Woods 2. Green Span 3. George Bush 4.Poor Simon 5.Gold Lion 6.Tencent 7. 百度
弗米尔
翻译“目的论”创始人汉斯·弗米尔(Hans Vermeer)去世(1930-2010)
On 4 February 2010, the great translation theorist and scholar, Professor ,Dr. Hans J. Vermeer, our invaluable and very dear teacher and friend, departed from us. We, his friends and students and everyone who knew him, feel this loss deeply; the pain and emptiness caused by his
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passing away is indescribable. The world of translation studies has lost one of its founders, one of its most productive and creative theorists, and a magnanimous, modest and caring teacher, who was the source of so many works and who inspired countless researchers and scholars. We offer our deepest condolences to all his friends, colleagues and students and to the international translation studies community.
弗米尔提出的翻译目的是目的与功能理论的基础概念,目的论成为该理论的核心。弗米尔是莱斯的学生,也是海德堡大学的翻译教师,著名的翻译理论家。弗米尔在1976到1977年的一系列讲座中,提出了翻译的普遍理论的框架,随后出版了《普通翻译理论框架》(Framework for a General Translation Theory,1978),成为目的论的基础。1984年,弗米尔和莱斯撰写的《翻译理论基础概述》成为目的论的宣言。在书中,他与莱斯提出,翻译不仅仅是一个语言过程,而应该把翻译看成是将一种语言中的语言和非语言交际符号转移到另一种语言中去的活动。因此,翻译是一种人类行为,而任何行为都有一个目标,一个目的。
把翻译目的作为翻译任务的出发点与根本,大大转变了我们原有的翻译观念。目的决定一切,从翻译策略、翻译方法,到对原作形式与内容的取舍,到目标文本的制作都以这个翻译目的为参照。弗米尔把原文只是看作是一种“信息供源”,仅提供翻译委托所需要的信息,而不再是评价译作的唯一或最高标准,译者有权按照翻译目的来取舍其中的信息,是否与原文保持篇际一致是由翻译目的来决定的,忠实于原文只是其中的一种可能性。翻译位于两极之间——遵循目标文化的行为与预期,与用目标文化的方式来表达源语文化的特征,这两极间存在多种可能性,忠实于原文只是其中的一种可能性。翻译目的实现的可能性取决于目标文化的条件,而不是源语文化。委托只是间接依赖源语文化,因为翻译不得不涉及到原文本,只有在特定的情况下,这个目的的实现需要依靠目标文化与源语文本的关系。翻译中使用的很多术语,也需要根据特定的任务来定义,如翻译、释译、改编等。
学习翻译理论的人,都应该熟知翻译“目的论”。应用翻译“目的论”来解释翻译现象,指导翻译实践与译员培训的论文也很多。翻译“目的论”成为了当代德国最具代表性的翻译理论,也是最有影响力的翻译理论。让我们继续推动这
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个理论的发展,来纪念弗米尔博士。
Skopos theory
与nida的理论看似矛盾,其实不矛盾。
目的论one to several translation 看翻译目的觉得翻译策略
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