largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our
abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is
biologically determined. Needless to say: They don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
1990年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案 显示答案 隐藏答案
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Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) 1. [D] 2. [B] 3. [C] 4. [D] 5. [B] 6. [C] 7. [B] 8. [B] 9. [D] 10. [C]
11. [B] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [C] 15. [A]
Section II: Reading Comprehension (20 points) 16. [D] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [C] 20. [B] 21. [D] 22. [B] 23. [B] 24. [A] 25. [C] Section III: Cloze Test (10 points)
26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [C] 30. [B] 31. [B] 32. [D] 33. [A] 34. [D] 35. [B]
Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points) 36. [B] controlling 37. [C] such a 38. [D] Dick’s 39. [C] over
40. [C] do not bring 41. [A] referring to 42. [B] an honor 43. [A] saw
44. [D] has not been explained 45. [B] to be asleep Section V: Verb Forms (10 points) 46. is 47. (should) be sent 48. instructed 49. hearing
50. should have called 51. would not have had 52. to find 53. having begun
54. close 55. will have to be destroyed
Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (15 points) 56. You should check all the data carefully so as to avoid serious mistakes. 57. Although the experiment is complicated, they are determined to finish it on time.
58. All signs showed that the man knew nothing of what had happened here. 59. Only those who are not afraid of any difficulties have the chance of achieving outstanding results in their work.
60. This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story. Section VII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)
61. 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
62. 在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
63. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
64. 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
65. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物
因素决定的。
66. 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 67. 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
68. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。