四．句子结构拓展
1. It depends on where you are. 取决于你在哪里。 ○
这是一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。 I know.
He comes from Spain. → I know he comes from Spain. I want to know.
Where does he come from?
→ I want to know where he comes from.
2. In places (where there are rivers and lakes), students usually go○
to school by boat.
(在有河流和湖泊的)地方，学生通常都坐船去上学。
这是一个定语从句。where there are rivers and lakes 是定语，修饰前面的名词 place.
The girl (who speaks French) is my classmate. 那个（说法语的）女孩是我的同班同学。
若定语从句修饰的名词（先行词）是人物，则用关系代词who连接. He wants to live in a place (where there are flowers and grass). 他想住在有花有草的地方。
若定语从句修饰的名词（先行词）是地点，则用关系副词 where 连接 3take/ spend /cost ○
●take后面常跟双宾语， 常见用法有以下几种：
(1) It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。
例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。
(2)doing sth. takes sb. ＋时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。
例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 ●spend的主语必须是人， 常用于以下结构：
(1) spend time ／money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。
例：I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2) spend time ／ money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。
例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买……。
例：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。
●cost的主语是物或某种活动， 还可以表示“值”， 常见用法如下： (1)sth. costs (sb.) ＋金钱,某物花了（某人）多少钱。
例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。 (2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间,某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。 例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。
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●pay的作“花费”的意思时，常见用法如下： (1)sb.+ pay for sth. 付……的款
例：He paid ￡5 for the book. 他买这本书花了5英镑。 (2)pay sb.for sth. 为……给某人报酬
例：The boss paid Bob for his work. 老板为他的工作给了Bob报酬。
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