高考短文改错的重要突破口
通过分析近几年NMET中的短文改错题，笔者认为约百分之五十的错误设置与行文的一致性有关。因此，答题时查文章在行文中是否保持一致是发现错误并加以纠正的一个重要突破口。在寻查错误时，必须打破行的界限，通篇考虑，起码也要以一个完整的句子为单位。下面笔者就以近几年的高考试题为例，谈谈把哪几个方面作为突破口去查寻行文不一致的错误。 一、查时态是否一致
时态错误几乎是每年NMET短文改错中必设的改错题。要有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致。例如：
1.Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is inthe past. (NMET' 93) is 应改为was， 使之与时间状语in the past一致。
2.I had always wanted to return to the village aftermoving away. And it is really grea t to see most of my oldfriends again. (NMET' 95)is 应改为was，与前面分句的时态一致。
3.They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a goodtime talking and laughing together .(NMET' 96)have 与前面句子中offered时态不一致，应改为had。
4.Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher, MissFang.(NMET'97)learn（得知）在这里不是表示一个经常发生的动作，应改为过去时learned。（本来此处还可改为have learned， 由于“短文改错” 题要求，每行只允许改一个错误，故have learned不能接受。） 5.My favourite sport is football.I was a member of ourfootball team.(NMET'98)全文都是用的一般现在时，此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符，应改为am。
6.Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the taller buildingin New York…(NMET' 92)hurry应改为 hurried，才可与时间状语lastSunday一致。 二、查主谓是否一致
在检查谓语动词的时态和语态是否正确的同时，还要注意检查该动词在人称和数上是否与主语保持了一致。例如：
1.Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrowthem. (NMET' 94)cost应改为costs，因其主语是it（为形式主语），且上下文均为一般现在时。 2.The new boy or girl in school quickly become one of theclass…(NMET'93)由or连接的两个以上的主语应由靠近谓语的主语来决定谓语的单复数形式，故become应改为becomes。
3.Playing football not only…but also give us a sense offair play and team spirit. ( N MET'98) 此句的主语是playingfootball，视为第三人称单数，其谓语give 应改为gives。
4.There are branch library in many villages.(NMET'94) 句中主语library应改为复数形式libraries ，因为前面是there are，主谓应一致。
主谓语一致的情况较为复杂，考生平时学习要留心归纳。有些特殊句式的主谓一致问题很容易被忽视，如倒装句、关系代词在定语从句中作主语的情况等，答题时要高度重视。 三、查指代是否一致
对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容以及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后一致，包括人称代词、指标代词、反身代词、关系代词以及疑问代词等。指代错误也是高考改错题中 常设的改错题。例如：
1.We climb everywhere, not only in America. They havebeen to Europe…(NMET'92)根据上下文 ，句中的They属指代不一致，应改为We。
2.The game speaks for themselves. ( MET'90) 句中的反身代词themselves应改为单数itself，因为指 代的是单数主语the game。
3.And I can't forget the food you cooked for I.(NMET'95)人称代词在作介词的宾语时用宾格，I应改 为me。 4.The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.(NMET'96)句子的主语the Smiths表示的是复数概念“史密斯一家人”，故其指代词应该用第三人称复数their而不是his。
5.I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.(NMET'97)关系副词where在引导定语从句 时不可作主语，应将其改为关系代词which。
6.The sport teaches us the importance of obedience. Eachplayer must obey the captain, who is the leader of the team.And they must not break the rules too often if we want to winthe gam e.(NMET'98)纵观全篇短文，都是用的第一人称。这里突然冒出一个第三人称they，显然不一致，应改为we。 四、查平行结构是否平行一致
由and，or，but，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only …but also…，as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构。平行结构在词性、时态、非谓语动词的形式上往往要求前后一致。答题时要留心平行结构前后是否对等平行，这也是常设的错误。例如：
1.Modern people know…，have better food，and to live incleaner surroundings.(NMET'93)应将 to live前的to删掉，因为and连接的是know，have，live三个并列平行的谓语动词，其时态和形式必须一致。
2.He said it was best to stay until help arrived ratherthan go into the forest and get ting lost.(NMET'91) go …andgetting显然不平行，应将getting改为get。
3.It was very kind of them to meet me at the railwaystation and drove me to their home .(NMET'96) 句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不平行，应改为drive。 五、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致
名词数的错误也是高考常设的改错题。要查一下名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致。例如：
1.…They have been to Europe many time. (NMET'92)time（次）显然与修饰语many不一致，应改为tim es。 2.(They) … asked me lots of question.(NMET'96)question 是可数名词，其修饰词是lots of，当然应该用复数questions。
3.We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese …(NMET'97) quite a few 只能修饰复数名 词，故subject 应改为subjects。
4.(We)… often watch football match on TV together.(NMET'98)根据上下文和该句中的often 来判 断， 句中的match 应该是matches。 六、查行文逻辑是否一致
查这方面的错误应从文章整体内容出发，通篇考虑，以行为单位是难以发现这种错误的。逻辑不一致主要是由肯定与否定、关联词语以及动词（如come与go，take与bring）的误用所造成的， 应多从这方面去查找。 例如：
1.Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go toa hospital since they are ill.（NM ET'93）根据行文逻辑， 这里不应该由since来引导原因状语从句，而应该是when/whenever或if来引导时间或条件状语从句。 2.We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do. （NMET'91）根据行文逻辑，表示并列关系 的and 应
改为表示转折关系的but。 高考英语短文改错考点类析·名词 一、考点规律分析
短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。 二、真题单句归纳
(1) We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream. (waters 改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数) (全国卷)
(2) We climb everywhere, not only in America. We have been to Europe many time. (time改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”) (全国卷)
(3) There are branch library in many villages. (library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数) (全国卷) (4) I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon. (times 改为 time，some time 意为“某时”) (全国卷)
(5) Today I visited the Smiths — my first time visit to an American family. (去掉time，因first 已含有“次”的意思) (全国卷)
(6) They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. (question 改为 questions，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lots of) (全国卷)
(7) We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics. (subject 改为 subjects，因 a few 后应接复数可数名词) (全国卷)
(8) …and often watch football match on TV together. (match 改为 matches) (全国卷)
(9) Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (return改为 returns，many happy returns of the day! 为祝贺生日的惯用表达) (北京春季卷)
(10) She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success. (schoolmate 改为 schoolmates，因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的 all 也可推知) (全国卷)
(11) I used to love science class — all of them— biology, chemistry, geography, physics. (class 改为 classes，指其后提到的所有课程) (北京春季卷)
(12) They did not want me to do any work at family. (family 改为 home，因 at home 为固定短语) (全国卷) (13) …so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subject 改为 subjects，请注意前面的 all) (全国卷) (14) On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. (picture 改为 pictures，picture 作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式) (全国卷)
(15) No one worries much about the radio program young people listen to. (program 改为 programs，从句意上看，此处应用复数) (北京春季卷)
(16) Their word were a great encouragement to me. (word 改为 words，注意其后的复数动词) (全国卷) (17) You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.”(month 改为 months，因 several 后要用可数名词的复数形式) (江苏卷)
(18) …but after class we become stranger at once.(stranger改为strangers，由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数) (全国卷)
(19) You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Internet. (minute改为minutes，因为a few后面的名词一定是复数) (广西卷)
(20) Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby…(age改为ages，因谈到不止一个人的年龄，age用复数；of all ages指各个年龄阶段的人 (浙江卷)
(21) She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when… (homeworks改为homework，因它是不可数名词，没有复数形式) (福建卷)
(22) Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well. (knowledges改为knowledge，因 knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式) (湖北卷) 三、模拟单句演练
(1) Women live longer than men in most country. (2) The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time. (3) It’s said that all the ticket have been sold out. (4) The children spend a lot of times watching TV. (5) I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday. (6) The flower in the park were all pleasing. (7) As the day went by, she became less anxious.
(8) Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country. (9) It’s one of the most interesting book that I’ve ever read. (10) He made his first time visit to China when he was 18. (11) Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.
(12) He hasn’t lived here long, but he has a great many friend here. (13) I was afraid she would have left for family when I got there. (14) He’s getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures. (15) There’s a paper’s factory near our school. 【参考答案】
(1) country 改为 countries，因其前的most 意为“大多数”。 (2) time 改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”。
(3) ticket 改为 tickets，因它是可数名词，且受 all the 的修饰。 (4) times 改为 time，因 time 表示“时间”时不可数。
(5) peoples 改为 people，因 people 表示“人们”，本身是复数，其后不能再加词尾-s。（注：复数的peoples 表示不同的民族）
(6) flower 改为 flowers，因为其后的谓语为复数。
(7) day 改为 days，句意为“随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了”，此处的 day 应用复数。 (8) computer 改为 computers，根据句意和其后的谓语 are，可知 computer 要用复数。 (9) book 改为 books，因 one of 后表示范围的名词要用复数。
(10) 去掉 time，his first visit 即为他第一次访问，其中已包含“次”的概念。 (11) tear 改为 tears，因 tear 为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。 (12) friend 改为 friends，因a great many 后要接复数名词。 (13) family 改为 home，leave for home 意为“动身回家”。 (14) furnitures 改为 furniutre，因它是不可数名词。
(15) paper’s 改为 paper，表示“纸厂”、“纸花”、“纸飞机”等，直接用 paper 作定语。 考英语短文改错考点类析·代词 一、考点规律分析
短文改错对代词的考查主要涉及人称代词的前后一致性(包括指代的一致性和单复数的一致性)、人称代词的主格与宾语变化、各类代词的误加与漏用(尤其是一些易受汉语影响的结构)、某些不定代词的用法(尤其是在意思上用错)、代词在某些习语中的用法等。 二、真题单句归纳
(1) David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village. (去掉 it，因它与其前的关系代词 which 语义重复) (全国卷)
(2) When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook head. (head 前加 his，汉语可“摇头”，而英语的习惯要说 shake one’s head) (全国卷)
(3) We climb everywhere, not only in America. They have been to Europe many times. (They 改为 We，前后人称不一致) (全国卷)
(4) And I can’t forget the good food you cooked for I. (I 改为 me，因介词之后的人称代词要用宾格) (全国卷) (5) I hope that both you two could come and visit us some time soon. (去掉 both。因 both 与后面的 two 意义重复，况且词序安排也不对) (全国卷)
(6) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (his 改为 their，因前面的 the Smiths 指的是“史密斯夫妇”或“史密斯一家”，是复数意义) (全国卷)
(7) And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game. (they 改为 we，根据句意，主从句的主语应该一致) (全国卷)
(8) Now I can’t watch much television, but a few years ago… (去掉 much，因为从下文看作者现在根本就不看电视) (全国卷)
(9) Now someone at home reads instead. (someone 改为 everyone 或 everybody。从全文语义来看，应为“每一个人”) (全国卷)
(10) I’m spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. (去掉 all，因 all 与 whole 语义重复) (北京春季卷)
(11) The day before the speech contest(比赛) English teacher talked to me. (English 前加 my，teacher 为单数可数名词，前面要有限定词) (全国卷)
(12) I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me understand what the world works. (it 改为 they，因它表示 those classes) (北京春季卷)
(13) …in any other words, I am an only child. (去掉 any，因 in other words 为固定短语，意思是“换句话说”) (全国卷)