江苏省自学考试《英语语言学概论》(27037)判断题题库及中文翻译(2)

2018-11-27 20:14

20. When two articualtors are brought together to form a complete closure which is followed by a sudden release ,the sounds are called affricates. 在发音器官形成完全彻底的阻碍的情况下,阻碍一下子被释放,同时气流有声地发出,这样产生的语音叫做爆破音。所以要将affricates 改成plosives .

21. All the back vowels are rounded vowels . 并不是所有的后元音都是圆唇元音,在英语中,除了[a:]之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。

22. Triphthongs are produced by glide from one vowel to another rapidly and continuously .对于三合元音的定义是这样的:Triphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one . 23. The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme. 处于互补性分布并且语音上相似的两个音是同一个音位的音位变体。而不是处于自由变异的两个音。所以要将整句改成The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.。(2009年10月考题)

24. Chinese is an intonation language. 中文是声调语言,而英语是语调语言,因此需要将intonation 改写成tone .或者将Chinese 改写成English . (2010年1月考题)

25. A phoneme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the sound system of a language. 音位被定义成在语言的发音系统中最小的具有甄别性特征的单位。因此需要将meaningful 改写成distinctive . (2009年10月考题)

26. Allophones are the realizations of phonemes in general. 音子是整个音位的体现,因此需要将Allophones 改写成Phones . (2009年10月考题)

27. Phones are the realizations of a specific phoneme. 音位变体是某一具体音位的体现。所

以需要将Phones 改写成Allophones . (2009年10月考题)

28. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in free variation. 如果两个或者更多的音在同一种环境下能够发生,并且一个语音代替另一个语音会产生意义的改变,他们就是对比分布。因此需要将free variation 改写成contrastive distribution . 29. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution. 如果两个或者更多的音从不会在同一种环境下发生,他们就是互补分布。因此需要将整句改写成If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in complementary distribution . (2009年10月考题) 30. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning ,then they are said to be in complementary distribution . 如果两个音能在同一环境下发生,并且一个语音代替另一个不会导致意义的改变,那么他们就是自由变异。因此需要将complementary distribution 改写成free variation . 31. In English, the suprasegmental features include stress, tone and juncture. 在英语中,超切分特征有三种:重音,语调和连音,因此需要将tone 改写成intonation .

32. A morpheme is a minimal distinctive unit in the grammatical system of a language. 词素被定义为语言的语法体系中最小的意义单位。而不是区别性单位。因此需要将distinctive 改写成meaningful . (2009年10月考题)

33. All bound morphemes are affixes .并不是所有的黏附词素都是词缀。在英语中,就有一些黏附词素就是词根,而不是词缀。比如说tele 和vise.在比如ceive 在receive , deceive. perceive 中,都是黏附词素,因为ceive 不能在句子中独立使用,然而确是这三个单词的词根。(注意:All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes ,all

affixes are bound morphemes ,but not all bound morphemes are affixes .所有的自由词素都是词根,但不是所有的词根都是自由词素。所有的词缀都是黏附词素,但不是所有的黏附词素都是词缀。)

34. Not all affixes are bound morphemes. 所有的词缀都是黏附词素,比如de, dis ,ir , ly tion ,able ,ible ,ful 等。(注意:All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes ,all affixes are bound morphemes ,but not all bound morphemes are affixes .所有的自由词素都是词根,但不是所有的词根都是自由词素。所有的词缀都是黏附词素,但不是所有的黏附词素都是词缀。)

35. Inflectional affixes serve to create new words. 屈折词缀或者屈折词素,表现的是语法关系,如数、性、时态、态、格和级。因此需要将create new words 改写成indicate grammatical relations , (2010年1月考题)

36. Derivational affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations. 屈折词缀或者屈折词素,表现的是语法关系,如数、性、时态、态、格和级。因此需要将derivational affixes 改写成inflectional affixes . 同时需要注意派生词缀是用来创造新的单词的。(2010年1月考题)

37. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation .Here the term base refers to both inflectional and derivational affix.. 当一个新单词是通过添加一个词缀到词基上形成的,所涉及的过程被称为词缀法。(2010年1月考题)

38. Derivational affixes cause a change in grammatical class. 派生词缀经常改变单词的语法类型。因此需要将整句改写成:Derivational affixes often , but not always , change the grammatical class of words . 39. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meanings, then there are regarded as one morph . 如果两个或者更多音位的最小的有意义的序列在意思上一样,但是形式不同的话,那么形素和形式一样多。 40. Phones are the realizations of a particular morpheme . 词素变体是某一具体词素的体现。因此需要将Phones 改写成Allomorphs . (2009年10月考题)

41. Allophones are the realizations of a specific phone . 音位变体是某一具体音位的体现。所以需要将phone 改写成phoneme . (2009年10月考题)

42. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech .The process involved is called blending. 一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的,这种过程被称为转类法。因此需要将blending 改成conversion .

43. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morph. 词素变体是某一具体词素的体现。因此需要将morph 改写成morpheme .

44. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech .The process involved is called affixation. 一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的,这种过程被称为转类法。因此需要将affixation 改成conversion .

45. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending. 如果两个或者更多的独立单词合在一起形成可以被作为一个单独的单词而使用的形式,这种合并的过程就是复合法。因此需要将blending 改成compounding

46. Compounding is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words .

混合法是一种通过删除或者合并两个单词的部分而构成一个复合词的过程。因此需要将compounding 改成blending . (2009年10月考题)

47. By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation. 通过逆序造词法或者逆生法,我们删除掉一个复杂形式的后缀而不是添加后缀。它可以被认为是后缀法的反过程。因此需要将prefixation 改成back-formation .

48. If the words or phrases in a sentence can be replaced by words and phrases outside the sentence and the resulting sentence is still grammatical then we say the replacing forms and replaced forms have syntagmatic relations . 如果一个句子中的单词或者短语可以被句子外的单词和短语所替代,并且产生的句子仍然合乎语法,那么我们可以说取代的成分和被取代的成分有纵聚合关系。因此需要将syntagmatic 改成paradigmatic (因为替代关系就是纵聚合关系。)

49. Morphology is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences. 句法学关注单词是如何组合成短语以及短语是如何通过规则形成句子的。而形态学研究的是单词的构成和单词的内在结构。因此需要将Morphology 改写成Syntax.

50. Dynamically, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them. 静态而言,我们作出句子的结构描述来表明句子的部分和它们之间的关系。 因此需要将Dynamically改写成Statically .

51. Statically, we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules. 动态而言,我们检验用句法规则构造句子的过程。静态而言,我们作出句子的结构描述来表明句子的部分和它们之间的关系。 因此需要将Statically 改写成Dynamically . 52. The substitutional relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence. 序列关系或者横组合关系指的是在一个句子中单词和短语的线性次序。而替代关系或者纵聚合关系是句子中语言形式和句子外语言形式之间的一种关系。因此需要将substitutional 改写成sequential /syntagmatic。

53. TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences, we start with surface structures and then transform them into deep structures. 转换生成语法认为为了构造句子,我们首先以深层结构开始,然后将它们转换成表层结构。因此需要将surface structures 和deep structures 调换。

54. TG Grammar claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned with one level of structure, ie deep structure. 转换生成语法强调句子的静态研究只涉及一种结构层次即表层结构,因此需要将deep structure改写成 surface structure。

55. Deep structures are generated by deep structure rules. 深层结构是由短语结构规则构成的,而不是深层结构规则。因此需要将deep structure rules改写成 PS rules。(2010年1月考题)

56. Surface structures are derived from their deep structures by TG rules . 表层结构通过转换规则从深层结构而来的。因此需要将TG rules 改写成T-rules . (2010年1月考题) 57. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called an optional constituent. 在短语结构规则里总是出现在箭头右边的成分被称为强制性成分。所以要将optional 改写成compulsory .

58. The constituent which may be present or absent on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a compulsory constituent. 在短语结构规则里在箭头右边可能出现或者省略的成分被称为选择性成分。所以要将compulsory 改成optional .

59. In the deep structure, verbs always take the present form. 在深层结构中,动词总是基本的形式。 所以要将present 改成base .

60. At the level of deep structure, the inflectional endings do not occur together with the verbs .They are separated from the verbs and are part of a noun phrase. 在深层结构的层次上,屈折结尾不与动词连在一起。它们与动词是分开的,是辅助短语的一部分。所以要将noun 改成auxiliary .

61. The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs; the other verbs are minor verbs. 在动词短语中的动词是主要动词,其它的动词都是助动词。所以要将minor 改写成helping . 62. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule: S NP VP. 为了构造一个英语句子的深层结构,我们总是以规则S NP AUX VP., 开始。

63. Some transformational rules are obligatory and many are optional .The optional T-rules have to be applied if we want to obtain well-formed sentences. 一些转换规则是强制性的,但是大多数是选择性的,如果我们要获得构造很好的句子,就必须使用强制性的转换规则。因此要将optional 改成obligatory .

64. All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations: rearranging the sentence elements; adding a new element to the phrase marker; deleting an element from the phrase marker. Every single T-rule carries out all these three operations. .所有的转换规则都执行三种步骤:重组句子成分,在短语标记中添加一个新的成分,从短语标记中删除一个成分。但并不是说每一个独立的转换规则都要执行这三种步骤。因此需要将后句改成. Each of the transformational rules performs one or two of the three operations. 65. Semantics is the study of lexical meaning .语义学是对语言意义的研究,包括单词意义,短语意义和句子意义。不仅仅是对单词意义的研究。所以要将整句改成Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning ,including the meaning of words ,phrases and sentences. 66. It is clear that the two opposite words man and woman as a whole contrast with each other, that is, each of the semantic features distinguishes man from woman. 在对两个反义词的语义分析中,值得我们注意的是,两个反义词在整体上不是对立的,事实上,除了一个语义特征之外,他们在所有的语义特征中都是一样的。所以说Two antonyms do not contrast with each other , they are identical in all the semantic features except one .For example , it is the feature [+/_- male ] that distinguishes man from woman . (2010年1月考题)

67. If A and B show a hyponymic relation in which A is a general term and B is a specific term ,then B can be described as “a part of ”A. 具体意义的词的意义包括在概括意义的词的意思之中,但是不能简单地说具体意义的词就是概括意义的词的一部分。比如说啤酒在汉语中是酒的一种,但是,在英文中,啤酒却不是酒的一种,而是饮料的一种。再比如说,在汉语中,牙科医生是医生的一种,但是,在英文中,牙科医生跟医生没有任何关系。

68. The meaning of a specific term is included in the meaning of its general term and the specific term is a part of the general term .具体意义的词的意义包括在概括意义的词的意思之中,但是不能简单地说具体意义的词就是概括意义的词的一部分。比如说啤酒在汉语中是酒的一种,但是,在英文中,啤酒却不是酒的一种,而是饮料的一种。再比如说,在汉语中,牙科医生是医生的一种,但是,在英文中,牙科医生跟医生没有任何关系。

69. With the development of language , people can find a lot of perfect synonyms. 完全同义词,即在任何情况下都可以互相换用的同义词几乎是没有的。所以要将a lot of 改成few . 70. A complementary pair is characterized by relativity. 可分等级的反义词的意义特征是相对性。而不是互补性反义词。所以要将complementary 改写成gradable .

71. Relational opposites are also called non-gradable pairs of antonyms. 因为互补性反义词是没有比较级和最高级的形式的,所以又被称为非等级性反义词。所以要将Relational 改成Complementary .

72. Different from complementary pairs, gradable pairs of antonyms have neither comparative nor superlative forms. 和互补性反义词不同的是,可分等级的反义词有比较级形式和最高级形式。所以要将整句改成Different from complementary pairs ,gradable pairs of antonyms have comparative and superlative forms。(注意:互补性反义词是没有比较级和最高级的形式的)

73. In a gradable pair of antonyms , the negative of one word is synonymous with the other .

在可分等级的反义词中,一个单词的否定形式不一定是和另外一个反义词同义。比如说,在big 和small 之间就有quite big , medium-sized ,quite small 等词。

74. Sometimes two homonyms may be spelled the same , so this case is also called polysemy .有时候完全同音同形异义词在拼写上是一样的,但是这种情况也叫做homonymy 而不是polysemy .

75. It’s enough to get the meanings of individual words that make a sentence up in order to reach the meaning of the sentence .理解句子的意思,弄清楚构成句子的每个单词的意思是远远不够的,因为句子意思并不是所有单词意义的综合。比如:The dog hit the man .和The man hit the dog .两个句子,显然是由完全相同的词所构成,但是意义差别很大。 76. The patient is the doer of an action and the agent is the target on which the action has influence. agent 是引发某种行为的人或物,而patient 是受到影响的人或物。所以要将patient 和agent 互换。比如:Jack hit the man . The man was hit by Jack .两个句子中,Jack 是agent ,而the man 是patient . 77. A temporal indicates the location of an action or state .时间表明了行为或者事件发生的时间而不是地点,所以要将location 改成time .

78. A locative is the time at which the action or state occurs . 方位是行为或者事件发生的地点而不是时间,所以要将time 改成location.

79. If sentences are syntactically well-formed but semantically ill-formed, they are known as semantically logical sentences. 如果句子合乎语法但是语义上不通,它们就是语义上反常的句子。所以要将semantically logical 改成 anomalous 。


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