第1课 Unit 1 - 01
I. New words and expressions New words
1. critical adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的 2. non-fiction n. 纪实文学 3. position n. 观点；态度；立场 4. statement n. 说明；说法；表态 5. question v. 表示疑问；怀疑
out of question / out of the question毫无疑问 / 不可能的 补：in charge 管理；掌管
in the charge 由?负责；由?管理（被动） 6. evaluate v. 估计；评价；评估
7. context n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉 8. value n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观 valuable
invaluable=priceless无价的； valueless = 无价值的 9. represent v. 描述；表现 representative adj./n.
10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言 11. sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的 sufficiency
insufficient不够的；不充分的 in-：否定前缀 12. statistic n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料 13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体 14. authority n.专家；学术权威；泰斗 an/the authority on sth. authorize
15. compare v. 比较；对比
compare A with B把A和B进行比较 compare A to B把A比成B。（打比方） 16. subject n. 主题；题目；题材 17. consistent adj. 相符的；符合的 18. inconsistency n. 不一致 19. assumption n. 假定；假设 20. case n. 具体情况；事例
in case万一；以防；（用一般时）
in case of fire万一发生火灾； in case of 万一发生 in case that…万一发生?情况。 a case in point
confirmed/suspected cases确诊病例/疑似病例 21. directly adv. 直接地；径直地 22. identify v. 找到；发现
23. valid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的 validity n. 有效性，正确（性） invalid无效的；有病的
24. credible adj. 可信的；可靠的 = believeable incredible=unbelievable不可信的； 25. landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑
26. relevant adj. 紧密相关的；切题的
relevancy n. 关联；恰当 irrelevant
27. current adj. 现时发生的；当前的 28. appropriate adj. 合适的；恰当的 inappropriate
It's (not) appropriate that …. + 虚拟语气 29. bias n. 偏见；偏心；偏向
30. considerably adv. 非常；很；相当多地 consider
considering介词、连词鉴于；考虑到； considerable相当?的； considerate体贴；考虑周到的； consideration n. 考虑
31. Democrat n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民 32. Republican n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者 33. reflect v. 显示；表明；表达 34. informed adj. 有学问的；有见识的 well-informed博学的； ill-informed无知的； Phrases and Expressions 1. apply to 使用；应用 2. put forth 提出；产生
3. take … into account 考虑到；顾及
4. accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以为真 5. with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地
第2课 Unit 1 - 02
II. Text Learning
Critical Reading（批判性阅读）
1.①Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just（不只是，不仅仅是） understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（启下句）
翻译：批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 本部分重点及难点： 隐藏重难点解析
①Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. apply to sb./sth.= be applicable to sb./sth.适用于 apply的派生词：application, applicant, applicable
2.Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural
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context than yours. ②Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. ③In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
翻译：考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
② Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. 注意区分：
some time：一段时间；sometime：某个时间 sometimes：有时；some times：次数；倍数
③In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。代替可数名词单数或不可数名词用that。例如：
The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class.
The values of the young people differ from those of their elders. Your voice is more beautiful that that of your classmates. The price of that book is higher than that of this one.
【单选题】1. The necklace her sister is wearing is much more beautiful than ______ worn by Mary.
A． thisB． thatC． theseD．those
【答案】B【解析】本题考查指代词those/that的用法。英语句子中为了避免重复常使用代词代替前面出现过的名词。代替前面的复数名词用those；代替可数名词单数或不可数名词用that。本句中空格处要填的词代替代替单数可数名词necklace，故选A。此处that也可以换成the one。【知识点】指代词those/that的用法
3.Question assertions made by the author. Don't accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.（承上句）Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.
翻译：质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
4. Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. ④Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies. （承上句） 翻译：与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
④ Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have
written about the subject. be consistent with 与……一致
consist vi. 组成（of）；在于（in）；符合（with）
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.
This doesn't consist with what you told me earlier. 这和你先前告诉我的不符合。
consist的派生词：consistent, inconsistent, consistency, inconsistency 【单选题】2. To tell you the truth, I really hope that your actions will consist ______ your words this time. A． ofB． inC． atD．with
【答案】D【解析】本题考查consist的用法。consist of意为\由……组成\；consist in意为\在于\；consist with意为\与……一致\，故选D。consist at不存在。该句的意思是\说实话，我真希望这次你的言行能一致\。【知识点】consist的用法
5.Analyze assumptions made by the author. ⑤Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.（承上启下句）Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
翻译：分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
⑤ Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.
whatever引导的是表语从句，不能换成no matter what。名词性从句（主语，宾语，表语，同位语从句）中，\疑问词ever\不能换成\matter+疑问词\，状语从句中可以换用。例如：
Whoever comes to our party is welcome. （不能换成no matter who…）He will lend a helping hand to whoever needs his help. (不能换) He will buy whatever his son wants. （不能换）
Whatever you do, I will support you. (能换成)no matter what…) 6.Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.（承上句）Finally if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current（启下句）. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.
翻译：鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
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7. Identify any possible author bias. ⑥A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.⑦What is written may very well reflect a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written with \grain of salt.\
翻译：甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
⑥A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. likely 在该句中是副词 likely adj. / adv. be likely to do sth. It's likely that… a likely result
Profit will most likely have risen by about ?2 million. 利润极可能增加200万英镑左右。（副词）
likely的派生词：unlikely, likelihood。例如：
The likelihood of infection is minimal. 感染的可能性极小。 ⑦ What is written may very well reflect a biased position. a biased position
be biased to/toward(s)/against 反义词：unbiased
8. By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.
翻译：成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
第3 课 Unit 1 - 03
III. 部分练习讲解 P111 Bridging the Gap 解题方法：把词分类
动词 名词 形容词 副词 define action powerful internally express tears personal shape shape good respond to
Language is one of the things that sets us apart as beings, one of the things that essentially 1 definesus as humans. When language is used well it can elicit very deep feeling in others, motivate others to 2 actionand define the nature of our relationships. Sometimes in poetry the juxtaposition（并列）of two words or a certain phrase can bring 3 tearsto the eyes, call up a whole host of imagery and move us deeply. We have seen language recently used in the politics of persuasion, used for 4 goodor ill - depending on your viewpoint. When we use language to 5 expressour true feelings to someone it can open and deepen the
connection between us. Language is a very 6 powerfultool. How we use language shapes our world both 7 internallyand externally. How you use self-talk - what you say to yourself about yourself and about the world directly 8 shapes（塑造，使成形）your experience of both yourself and the world. How you deliver communication shapes the way the world 9 responds toyou. We can use language more effectively in both spheres: internal and external and directly influence the health and power of our 10 personalrelationships and our business relationships.
第4课 Unit 1 - 04
I. New words and expressions New words
1. confidence n.自信心；把握 相关词：confident
be confident of sb. / sth.对sb.有信心； have / lose confidence in sb. / sth.
注意比较：confident / confidential有信心的/机密的； 2. program v. 训练；培养 3. mastery n. 控制；驾驭 4. destiny n. 命运；天命；天数
5. dramatically adv. 巨大地；惊人地；显著地 6. quality n. 质量；品质
7. subconscious adj. 下意识的；潛意识的 8. please v. 使满意；使愉快
9. command n.（给人或动物的）命令 10. knowingly adv. 故意地；蓄意地 11. impact n. 巨大影响；强大作用 12. matter v. 事关紧要；有重大影响 13. confident adj. 自信的；有自信心的 14. sense n.（对重大事情的）感觉，意识 15. eliminate v. 排除；清除；消除 eliminate all grammatical mistakes
be eliminated in the first round第1轮被淘汰； 16. disempower v. 剥夺；使失去权利；剥夺力量
注意构词法：dis（表示否定）+em（使，赋予）+power en- / em-常见的动词前缀，如：enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等。 empower v. 授权，赋予权利 17. self-esteem n. 自尊（心） 18. limit v. 限制；限定
区分两个名词limit（限度）和limitation（局限性）。 There is a limit / are limits to one's life. There is no limit / are no limits to knowledge. Everyone has his own limitations. 19. infinite adj. 极大的；无法衡量的
相关词：finite（adj.）, finitely（adv.）, infinitely（否定副词.） 20. stifle v. 压制；扼杀；阻止 21. creativity n. 创造力
相关词：create, creation, creator, creative（adj.）, creatively（adv.）
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22. internal adj. 内心的；头脑中的
23. insignificant adj. 微不足道的；无足轻重的
相关词：significant, significance, significantly, insignificance 24. commonly adv. 通常；常常
25. alternative n. 可供选择的事物，替代物 have no alternative but to do sth.除了?别无选择；
Is there any alternative to going to the cinema?不看电影还有其他选择么？
26. fabulous adj. 极好的；绝妙的 Phrases and Expressions 1. carry out 完成（任务） 2. be up to 取决于
3. have an impact on/upon 对…产生巨大影响 4. rub … out 用橡皮擦掉（字迹等） 5. be in control of掌管；管理；控制
第5课 Unit 1 - 05
II. Text Learning
The Language of Confidence（自信的语言）
1. The language we use programs our brains. Mastering our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use the language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve our quality of life.
翻译：语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致可以极大地改善我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要。
2. Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our subconscious mind, which is like a child, and it doesn't really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine.①It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you.
翻译：再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。
① It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. 它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。
(1) carry out commands 执行命令
(2) be up to sb. 取决于某人 例如：It's up to you whether we go there or not.
\翻译：“尽力”
3. It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, \their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. ②How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say \
try to call\
翻译：这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。如果有人说“我会尽力做这件事的”，你知道他其实并不打算全心全意做这件事，甚至可能根本不会去做。你有多少次在谈论对于你非常重要的事时使用了“尽力”这个词?你是否说过“我会尽力做到更加自信”、“我会尽力去做这件事”或者“我会尽力去呼喊”? ②How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you?
matter v. be important 例如：As long as staff are smart, it does not matter how long their hair is. 员工只要聪明，头发留多长没什么关系。 It matters a lot whether you come to my birthday party or not. 4. Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say, \try to …\and notice how you feel. Next say, \ou feel.
翻译：想一件你想完成的事情，然后用两种不同的方式对自己说。首先说“我会尽力去做??”，然后注意你会有什么感受。再对自己说“我要做??”，然后看你又会有什么感受。
5. ③The latter makes you feel better than the first one, doesn't it? It gives you a sense of determination, a feeling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try notice if it gets done or not. Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves.（承上句）
翻译：后一种方式给你的感受要比前一种好，不是吗?它给你一种坚定感，一种事情一定会完成的感觉。听听你身边的人怎么说，如果他们说他们会尽力，看看事情最后是不是完成了。从你的词典里删除“尽力”这个词，看看你的生活会如何改善。
③The latter makes you feel better than the first one, doesn't it? the former…the latter… \翻译：“不能”
6. This is another small word with a big impact. It disempowers us, makes us feel weak and helpless, and damages our self-esteem. ④It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. Rub it out from your internal dictionary and replace it with something that makes you feel great.
翻译：这又是一个简单却影响巨大的词。它让我们失去力量，让我们感到脆弱与无助，让我们的自尊心受到伤害。它限制了我们无限的才能，扼杀了我们的创造力。把这个词从你内心的词典里擦去吧，换一个让你感到伟大的词。
④It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity.
(1) infinite的词根是finite，其它相关词：finitely, infinitely, finiteness/finity, infiniteness/infinity。
(2) creativity的词根是create。注意区分两个名词：creation / creativity。 【单选题】3. A small word like \limits our ______ (finite) abilities and discourages _______(create).
A．finite, creatingB．inite, creationC．infinite, creativityD．infinite, creation
【答案】C【解析】本题考查finite及create的派生词。第一个空格要填的词作abilities的定语，故选择形容词；第二个空格要填的词作discourage的宾语，根据句义\这样的小词限制了我们无限的能力并压制了我们的创造性\，故选C。【知识点】finite及create
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的派生词
7. Instead of saying you can't, why not say something like \（愿意） …\to take back your power and to be in control of your life.
翻译：不要说你“不能”，为什么不换一个别的说法，比如“我选择??”或者“我选择不??”。使用这些词能让你恢复力量，掌控自己的生活。
8. Words may appear small and insignificant, yet they can have a deep and lasting effect on us. ⑤Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.
翻译：一些词语或许看似简单、微不足道，却能对我们产生深刻而持久的影响。掌握你的语言能让你获得力量去实现你渴望的生活。 ⑤ Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.give … the power相当于empower，该句等于Mastering your language empowers you to live whatever life you desire. 9. What words do you use a lot that disempower you? Make a list of words you commonly use and then write next to them some alternatives you can use. （承上句）⑥Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!（承上句）
翻译：你使用过哪些让你失去力量的词?列出你常用的这类词，然后在旁边写出它们的替代词。让这些替代词不仅使你对自己感觉良好，而且使你对生活、对正在做的事情感觉无限美好吧!
⑥Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!
让这些替代词不仅使你对自己感觉良好，而且使你对生活、对你所做的事情感觉无限美好吧！
(1) make在这里接名词作宾补，即make sb. / sth. sth.，再如：We made him our monitor.
(2) make you feel fabulous，make接do sth.作宾补。 (3) not only…but (also)…
第6课 Unit 2 - 01
I. New words and expressions New words
1. spill v.（使）洒出，泼出，溢出 2. respond v. 作出反应；响应 respond to… response
3. interview v. （媒体）采访，访问 4. creative adj. 创作的 5. occur v. 发生；出现 It occurred to me that… 6. remove v. 拿开；去掉 7. refrigerator n. 冰箱 8. grip n. 紧握；紧抓
9. slippery adj. 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走） 10. content n. 所容纳之物；所含之物
11. veritable adj. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的
12. yell v. 叫喊；大喊；吼叫
13. lecture n.（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责 14. mess n. 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁 15. rarely adv. 罕有；很少；不常 rare animals / stamps Rarely is he late for class. 16. puddle n. 水洼；小水坑 17. eventually 最后；终于
18. restore v. 使复原；使复位；使复职 19. sponge n. 海绵块 20. effectively adv. 有效地 effective ineffective
注意区分：effective / efficient 21. tiny adj. 极小的；微小的
22. discover v. 了解到；认识到；查明 discovery
23. grasp v. 抓紧；抓牢
24. lip n.（容器或凹陷地方的)边，边沿 25. renowned adj. 有名的；闻名的；受尊敬的 26. remark v. 谈论；评论 27. opportunity n. 机会；时机
28. scientific adj. 科学（上）的；关于科学的 science scientist 例如：
The medical science is making great progress in the treatment of cancer.
You should provide scientific evidence instead of subjective evidence to prove this theory holds water.
Several world-renowned scientists will be invited to attend the forum.
29. valuable adj. 很有用的；很重要的；宝贵的 Phrases and Expressions 1. in this manner 用这种方式 2. set…apart from 区别；使与众不同
第7课 Unit 2 - 02
II. Text Learning
Spilt Milk（打翻的牛奶）
1. Have you heard of the story about split milk? ①Well, we all know there is no use crying over split milk. But this story is different. I would hope all parents would respond in this manner.
翻译：你是否听过打翻的牛奶的故事?我们都知道为已经打翻的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。不过这次的故事不同。我希望所有父母都能作出如此回应。
①Well, we all know there is no use crying over split milk. There / It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
2. I recently heard a story about a famous research scientist（研究科学
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