Key Words and Expressions for Text A
conduct vt.
carry out or direct; go with and guide or lead 进行；实施；经营；处理；陪伴；引导，带领 e.g. 1. These studies were conducted by four teams that coordinated their work.
2. We are conducting a survey to find out what the customers think of our service. 我们在进行一项调查以了解顾客对我们服务的看法。
Collocations:
conduct a meeting 主持会议
conduct an investigation 进行调查
reveal vt.
make known sth. that was previously secret or unknown 揭示，透露；使（事实等）显露出来 e.g. 1. Details of the murder were revealed by the local newspaper.
2. He didn’t want to reveal his real feelings. 他不想露出他的真实情感。
Collocations:
reveal sth. to sb. 向某人透露某事 reveal sb. to be 显示某人是
make the most of
get the best advantage from 最大限度利用
e.g. 1. Jim studied hard in the training class; he wanted to make the most of his chance to learn.
2. The occasion only comes once in five years, and they naturally make the most of it. 这个机会五年才有一次，他们当然会充分利用。
attain vt.
fml gain or arrive at, esp. after long effort; reach〖正式〗（长期努力后）获得，达到 e.g. 1. He attained fame through many years of hard work.
2. We need to identify the best ways of attaining our goals. 我们需要确定达到我们目标的最好方法。 CF: attain, achieve & accomplish 这三个动词均有“达到、完成”之意。
attain 指努力去达成或实现目标，常指事先没有确信会成功而去追求的目标。例如： * She finally attained her ends. 她终于达到了她的目的。
* Kacy attained the rank of deputy director. 凯茜当上副经理了。
achieve指由于付出努力而理所当然地实现目标、获得成功。例如：
* He will never achieve his objectives if he does not work harder. 如果不加倍努力的话，他永远也实现不了他的目标。
accomplish指完成规定的任务。例如：
* He accomplished the building of the bookcase. 他做完了一个书橱。
to begin with
in the first place; firstly 首先；第一点
e.g. 1. I’m not going; to begin with, I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play.
2. To begin with, John is too young for that kind of job. 首先，约翰做那种工作太年轻了。
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in addition (to)
as well (as); besides 除??之外；另外
e.g. 1. In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also provides practical
experience.
2. In addition to my studies, I got involved in lots of other activities. 除了学习以外，我参加了许多其他活动。
make a point of doing sth.
take particular care about sth. 特别注意，重视；总是要做（某事）
e.g. 1. I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out.
2. She makes a point of keeping all her shopping receipts. 她总是把所有的购物发票都留起来。
perform vi.
do; carry out (a piece of work, duty, ceremony, etc.), esp. according to a usual or established method; give, act, or show (a play, a part in a play, a piece of music, tricks, etc.), esp. in the presence of the public 履行，实行，完成；表演
e.g. 1. John has been training very hard and he hopes he will perform better for the 100-metre dash.
2. Some computers can perform over a billion computations a second. 有些计算机一秒钟能完成超过十亿次运算。 CF: perform & conduct
这两个动词均有“做、在行动中执行任务”之意。
perform 指履行义务、职责或执行命令，所执行的任务一般比较困难和复杂。例如： * He wouldn’t promise what he could not perform. 他不会许下无法兑现的承诺。 conduct 指挥、实现、进行，词义接近perform，但强调指导、领导或监督。例如： * The interview was conducted in English. 面试用英语进行。
involve vt.
[(in, with)] (of a situation or action) have as the people or things taking part [常与in或with连用] （情况、行动）使陷入，使卷入；牵涉，涉及
e.g. 1. Fanny is actively involved in the drama association of our college.
2. I didn’t mean to get you so much involved in the matter. 我本不想让你这么深地卷入这件事中来。
file
1. vt. put (papers or letters) in a file 把（文件、信件）汇存起来，把??存卷（归档），存档 e.g. 1) These notes should be carefully filed away for future reference.
2) We file these reports under country of origin. 我们按照原籍国家把这些报告归档保存。
2. n. a box, folder, etc. for storing papers in an ordered way, esp. in an office （办公室内的）文件匣（夹）
3. n. a line of people one behind the other 纵列 4. vi. march in a file 排成纵队前进
e.g. They filed slowly past the grave of their leader. 他们排成一列缓缓地走过他们领袖的坟墓。
advocate vt.
speak in favour of; support (an idea or plan), esp. publicly 拥护，提倡，主张 e.g. 1. The committee doesn’t advocate the use of violence.
2. Many people advocate building more hospitals. 许多人主张增设医院。
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schedule
1. vt. [(for) usu. pass.] plan for a certain future time [常与for连用]［一般用于被动语态］排定；预定；把??安排在
e.g. 1) The opening ceremony (开幕式) is scheduled to take place on the coming Thursday.
2) He is scheduled to leave for London next Monday. 他预定下星期一动身去伦敦。
2. n. a planned list or order of things to be done, dealth with, etc. 预定要做事情的安排；计划（表）；程序表；日程表
Collocations:
on schedule 按照时间表，准时
ahead of / behind schedule 提前/落后于时间表
be scheduled for June / Monday, etc. 安排在六月/周一等
be scheduled for release / publication / completion, etc. 计划发布/出版/完成等 be scheduled to do sth. 计划做某事
overwhelm vt.
[usu. passive] give too much of a thing to sb. [常用于被动语态]使受不了，使不知所措
e.g. 1. We were all overwhelmed by grief when we heard the news that over 4000 people lost their lives
during the earthquake.
2. I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received. 我收到的所有鲜花和支持信件使我激动得不能自已。
at hand
rather fml near in time or place 〖较正式〗即将到来，在手边，在近处
e.g. 1. When she writes, she always keeps a dictionary at hand so as to ensure that she uses every word
correctly and appropriately.
2. Always have your reference books near at hand. 要经常把参考书摆在手边。
polish vt.
improve by practicing; make smooth, bright, and shiny by continual rubbing （通过练习）改进，改善；擦亮
e.g. 1. I’ll need to polish (up) my French if I’ m going to France for my holiday.
2. Please polish your shoes with a brush. 请用刷子把你的鞋擦亮。
take down
write sth. down in order to make a record of it 记录
e.g. 1. Anything you say will be taken down, and may be used in evidence.
2. He asked his secretary to take down every word he said. 他让他的秘书记下他说的每一句话。
refresh one’s memory
remind oneself / sb. of facts by referring to notes, etc. （借助笔记等）使自己（某人）想起 e.g. 1. In the middle of his speech he had to refresh his memoy by looking at his notes.
2. I looked the word up in the dictionary to refresh my memory of its exact meaning. 我在词典里查了这个单词，以便更清楚地记得它的确切意思。
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promote vt.
help the progress of (sth.); encourage or support 提倡；促进；助长 e.g. 1. The organization works to promote friendship between nations.
2. The Prime Minister’s visit will promote the cooperation between the two countries. 首相的访问将促进两国间的合作。
lie in
(of abstract things) exist in the form of (sb. or sth.) 在于
e.g. 1. The problem lies in the fact that they do not have a competent leader.
2. Our strengths lie in problem solving. 我们的优势在于解决问题的能力。
on the way to
about to obtain sth.; in the course of becoming or doing sth. 正在获得；正在变成；正在做 e.g. 1. I’m now out of hospital and well on the way to recovery.
2. A closed economy will not put a country on the way to prosperity. 闭关自守的经济不会使一个国家富起来。
speak up
give one’s opinion freely and clearly 畅所欲言，清楚地表明看法
e.g. 1. You should never be frightened of speaking up your beliefs under any circumstances.
2. If you thought that wasn’t fair, why didn’t you speak up? 如果你认为那不公平，为什么不说出来？
clarify vt.
fml make clearer and easier to understand, esp. by explaining and giving more details 〖正式〗澄清，讲清楚，阐明
e.g 1. If you don’t understand, ask the speaker to clarify the point.
2. I hope that what I say will clarify the situation. 我希望我说的话能讲清楚这一情况。
demonstrate vt.
prove or make clear (a fact), esp. by reasoning or providing examples; show or describe clearly （以推理或举例等）论证，证明，证实
e.g. 1. Galileo demonstrated that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.
2. Our troops demonstrate remarkable courage. 我们的队伍表现出无比的勇敢。
approach
1. n. [ C (to)] a method of doing sth. or dealing with a problem [常与to连用]方法；步骤 e.g. 1) She took a wrong approach in solving the problem; that was why she failed.
2) I’ve just read an interesting book which has a new approach to Shakespeare. 我刚读了一本有趣的书，它采用了一种新的方法来研读莎士比亚。
2. n. [C (to)] a way of getting in [常与to连用]通路，入口
e.g. All approaches to the town were blocked. 通往该镇的所有道路都被封锁了。
3. n. [U (of)] the act of coming nearer and nearer [常与of连用]靠近；接近；临近 e.g. Our approach drove away the wild animals. 我们一走近，野兽全都跑开了。
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4. v. come near or nearer (to) in space, time, quality, or quantity 走近；靠近，接近
e.g. The time is approaching when we will have to leave. 我们要离开的时刻越来越近了。
on one’s own
without help 独立地，无援地
e.g. 1. Although she is still rather weak after the operation, she can now live on her own.
2. I can’t carry it on my own; it’s too heavy. 我一人拿不动，这东西太重了。 base on
[usu. pass.] use as grounds, evidence, etc. for sth. else ［一般用于被动语态］以某事物为另一事物的根据﹑证据等
e.g. 1. He based his research results on his own practical experiences in the countryside.
2. I feel he’s doing something wrong, but I’ve got nothing to base it on. 我感到他做错了什么事，可我又没有证据。
confirm vt.
give support or certainty to (a fact, belief, statement, etc.), e.g. by providing more proof or by stating that sth.thing is true or correct 证实；进一步确定
e.g. 1. It has been confirmed that Barbara will play the principal part in the new movie.
2. I just want to confirm that all the arrangements have been made. 我要确认所有计划都安排好了。
devise vt.
plan or invent, esp. cleverly策划；想出；设计；发明
e.g. 1. Long-term objectives must be devised if you want to run your business successfully.
2. A vehicle was devised a few years ago which permitted movement over difficult land and could fly for a short distance.
几年前人们设计了一种交通工具，它能在难于行走的地面上行动并能短距离飞行。
employ vt.
fml use〖正式〗使用
e.g. 1. The police had to employ force to enter the building.
2. We employ different technical tools for the reception and evaluation of the heat energy. 我们使用不同的技术工具接收和测量热能。
assign vt.
[(to)] give as a share or duty [常与to连用]分配；分派，指派 e.g. 1. He was assigned to work in a research centre in the army.
2. We’ve assigned Chris to the advertising campaign. 我们已经把广告宣传的工作布置给了克里斯。
undertake vt.
(undertook, undertaken) take up or accept (a duty or piece of work, esp. one that is difficult or needs effort) 承担，接受（责任、艰苦的工作等）
e.g. 1. She undertook responsibility for the failure in our marketing project.
2. If you undertake the project, you are bound to encounter difficulties. 如果你承接这项工程的话，免不了会遇到许多困难。 Collocations:
undertake a task 承担一项任务
undertake to do sth. 承担做某事的任务
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