Synthetic (E) vs. Analytic (C) 综合语vs分析语
They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. Synthetic 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。 Analytic Definitions for Synthetic & Analytic Languages
A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. English An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”. Chinese Features of English as a Synthetic Language 综合语 ? 英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语
言关系和逻辑关系。
? 性(gender)、数（number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体
(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)
Features of Chinese as an Analytic Language 分析语 ? 汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含
逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。 Translation techniques
? 英译汉时，一般用加词或变换说法的办法来表示。 ? 汉译英时，应把汉语的时态、语态、情态、语气等
用英语的形态变化表达出来,并能尽可能地运用分词和派生名词使句子结构简洁地道。
[例1]Oxford is much smaller in number, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.
[例2]During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
[例3]Well-planned and managed ecotourism has proven to be one of the most effective tools for long-term conservation of biodiversity.
[例4] The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
[译文1]牛津大学在校学生少多了，比明尼苏达州立大学都要少，也穷多了。无论现在还是过去，牛津的在校学生都比多伦多大学少。
[译文2]战争期间碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，
很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。
[译文3]精心规划、严格管理的生态旅游已被证明是长期保护生物多样性的最有效的方法之一。
[译文4]群山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝灰色长影。 [例5]李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。
[例6]听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
[例7]一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。
[例8]杭州位于钱塘江北岸，是一座花园城市，素以风景优美著称。
[译文5] Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of his life, but now he has gone to Shenzhen for reasons. [译文6] I could have laughed to hear him talk like this. [译文7] Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and snowed under with questions.
[译文8] Situated on the north bank of the Qiantang River, Hangzhou is a garden-like city famous for its scenic charm.
[1] I didn?t go to the cinema, because I?d already seen the film.
[2] I had never thought I?d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
[3] I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
[4] There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
[5] Men and nations working apart created these problems; men and nations working together must solve them. [译文1]我没去看电影，因为我以前看过这部片子。 [译文2]在此之前我从未想到我发现人们认为我无足轻重时会感到很高兴，但这次我真的感到高兴。
[译文3]我原以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来这只是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来判定是不是自己生的。
[译文4]这一排排房子都是他以前没见过的。
[译文5]人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德，便产生这些问题，人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力，定能解决这些问题。
[6]受到这样的鼓励，他们为来年制订了一个更为大胆的计划。
[7]据说此书已译成了多种语言。
[8]我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
[9]大学毕业后我分配到一所学校任教，认识了后来成
为我妻子的琳。但我并未引起她的注意，因为我实在太平常了。
[译文6] Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.
[译文7] The book is said to have been translated into languages.
[译文8] I was a modest, popular boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.
[译文9] After graduation from a university, I was assigned to work as a teacher in a high school, where I met Lin, who later became my wife. But I’m so ordinary a man that I never attracted any of her attention then.
Compact（E） vs. Diffusive（C） 聚集VS流散
这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。 Diffusive She is a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses. Compact Features of English as a Compact Language
? 句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，
句式呈“聚集型” (compactness)。 ? 主要信息以“主、谓、宾（表）”的语法主干形式
突出地表达出来;运用动词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接。
Features of Chinese as a Diffusive Language
? 汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活
性，因而句式呈“流散型”（diffusiveness）。 ? 句与句之间缺少连接成分，信息往往从语法外形上
主次不分，善用流水句，把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并列之中。 Translation Techniques
? 英译汉时，可以不考虑英语句子信息的主次分明，
少用介词、连词，译成流水句。
? 汉译英有时则必须加上适当介词、连词，或采用其
他句式把流水句变成主次分明的英语句子。
[例1]Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers. [例2]The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.
[例3]Ranked as one of the most important industries in Britain, the motor components industry consists of over
2,000 companies.
[例4]He was struck by her powerful profile, her rich black hair falling freely onto her shoulders, and the intensity of her dark eyes.
[译文1]现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的手提微型计算机。
[译文2]谈判期间，各国利益如万花筒般变化莫测，谁输谁赢，难以分辨。
[译文3]汽车配件业是英国最重要的产业之一，共拥有2000多家公司。
[译文4]她面容姣好，摄人心魄，秀发如云，飘逸于肩，黑眸如潭，深邃迷离。他不禁为之神颠魂倒。
[例5]玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。 [例6]他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。
[例7]他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。
[例8]许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。
[译文5]Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet.
[译文6]He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.
[译文7]All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances, not daring to act promptly, really made me nearly die of laughter.
[译文8]Many houses were roofed with glazed tiles and set within winding red balustrades.
[1]周恩来的门打开了。他们看到一位个子较高但有些清瘦的人，双眼炯炯如炬，五官轮廓分明，称得上英俊。 [2]阳光射入其能所及之地，赶走黑暗，驱散幽影。 [3]国会已制定法律，要求大部分遭受群众舆论压力的集团呈报他们的花销、名目、款项总额及来源、成员人数、代表姓名及其薪金等情况。
[4]塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是四处可得的取之不尽的天然资源；煤可通过自动化和机械化的方法开采，成本较低；石灰可由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石生成。
[5]有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。
[6]我家里生活苦，父亲做小买卖，妈妈是家庭妇女，弟弟妹妹多。
[7]湖中有十来枝荷花。荷花上清水滴滴，荷叶上水珠
滚来滚去。
[8]如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几钱银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。 [译文1]When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
[译文2]Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking shadows.
[译文3] Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.
[译文4] Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.
[译文5]There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu, who traveled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin. With various painful gestures, she begged for Wang’s help.
[译文6]My family was hard up, with Father a peddler, Mother a housewife, and so many children to feed.
[译文7]Crystal drops were dripping from a dozen lotus buds in the lake, while beads of water rolled about the leaves.
[译文8]There is no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbor’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.
Impersonal （E）vs. Personal （C）物称VS人称
The very spot always reminded him of the accident which took away Sylvia?s life. Impersonal A:就是这个地方总是让他想起夺走西尔维娅生命的那次事故。
B:每回看到这个地方，他就会想起夺走西尔维娅生命的那次事故。 Personal Features of English as an Impersonal Language
? inanimate subject +animate verb 无灵主语＋有灵
谓语
? expletive “it” 替补词“it” Features of Chinese as a Personal Language
? 具体的人称、通称或泛称、无人称、隐称 inanimate subject（无灵主语）：
? 心理、体貌、感觉、见闻等抽象概念的名词 ? 时间、地点、自然现象、事物名称等具体名词 ? 由动词或形容词派生而成的抽象名词 animate verb（有灵谓语）：
? 与人的视觉有关的若干动词：see, witness, look,
peer,...
? 与人的活动密切相关的动作动词：greet, kiss, tell,
ask,...
? 与人的活动有一定关系的动作动词：escape, slip,
take, bring, refuse, grip, choke,...
? 导致状态变化的动词：give, set, make, kill, keep,
leave, deprive, disarm, remind, prevent, show, lead (to),...
? 使用其转义的动词：snow, father, creep, obey,... expletive “it”（替补词“it”）： ? preparatory “it”(先行词“it”) ? unspecified “it” ”(虚义词“it”) ? emphatic “it” ”(强调词“it”) English-Chinese Translation Techniques ? 与人有关的句子成分→主语，无灵主语→状语或其
他成分
? 与人有关的句子成分和无灵主语的所有格名词结
构→主谓短语 ? 物称句→无主句
Chinese-English Translation Techniques
? 选用合适的物名或用形容词或动词的抽象名词作
主语，将人称或泛称主语处理成修饰成分或宾语 ? 运用替补词“it”
[例1] A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.
[例2]The early 1600’s witnessed the beginning of a great tide of emigration from Europe to North America.
[例3]And their smiles broadened as the students noted there were only five essay-type questions.
[例4] The arrival of Saturday called Mr. Collins from his amiable Charlotte.
[例5] The internet allows schools to develop a large amount of learning material that is accessible for students online anytime.
[例6]My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.
[例7] It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. [例8] It is hardly possible to realize a relatively rich Chinese society in overall scale without a solution to farmers’ medicare problem.
[例9] It’s only half an hour’s walk to the ferry.
[例10] It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.
[译文1]他突然感到不寒而栗。
[译文2]17世纪初期，移民大潮开始从欧洲涌向美洲。 [译文3]看到只有5道论述题，学生一个个脸上笑开了花。
[译文4]星期六一到，科林斯先生就得和温柔可爱的夏洛特分手了。
[译文5]有了因特网，学校能够开发出大量的学习材料以供学生随时从网上获取。
[译文6]我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。 [译文7]我从没想到她这么不老实。
[译文8]不解决农民的医疗问题，就很难最终实现中国社会的全面小康目标。
[译文9]只需走半个钟头就可以到渡口。
[译文10]人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。
[例11] 我便觉得有三分怅惘，三分无奈；然而，思之又觉释然。
[例12] 听到这个消息，他这一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了醋酸。
[例13] 他烟抽得厉害，所以患了肺癌。
[例14] 徐悲鸿的马画得非常出色，他由此一夜之间声名大噪。
[例15] 从长远的战略眼光来发展中国与欧盟的关系符合双方的根本利益。
[译文11]A touch of frustration and helplessness came over me; however, a second thought brought me relieved calm.
[译文12]The news turned the wine in his stomach into sour vinegar in his jealousy.
[译文13]His heavy smoking led to his lung cancer. [译文14]Xu Beihong’s exceptional excellence in painting horses gained him an overnight fame.
[译文15]It is in the fundamental interests of both sides to develop China-EU relations from the long-term strategic perspective.
[1] Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. [2] The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
[3] The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.
[4] The little chap?s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
[5] It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.
[译文1]我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
[译文2]我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 [译文3]从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
[译文4]这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。
[译文5]我们认为，他今天上午发言的内容和口气都无助于在中东建立持久的和平。
[6]一看到那棵大树，我就想起了童年的情景。 [7]他有的是钱，所以他以为没有他摆不平的事。 [8]第二年他的两个妹妹相继去世。 [9]病好了之后，你反而显得苗条了。
[10]必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。 [译文6] The big tree always reminds me of my childhood. [译文7] His richness gives him the thought that nothing would be out of his control.
[译文8] The following year experienced the deaths of his two sisters.
[译文9] Your previous experience of illness has made you feel slender.
[译文10] It is necessary to adjust specialties and improve teaching methods in colleges and universities.
Hypotactic (E) vs. Paratactic（C） 形合vs意合
孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。” Paratactic Mencius said, “ I like fish and I also like bear?s paws. If I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go and take the bear?s paws. In a similar way, I like life and I also like righteousness. If I cannot have the two together, I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.” Hypotactic Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis is defined as “the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives”, for example, I shall despair if you don?t come. English Definition of Parataxis
Parataxis is defined as “the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them”, for example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese Features of English as a Hypotactic Language
? 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从
句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，
注重结构完整，注重以形显义。
? 关系词、连接词、介词、形态变化、前后一致、代
词、替补词it和there等等。
Features of Chinese as a Paratactic Language ? 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连
贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。
? 语序；反复、排比、对偶、对照等；紧缩句；四字
格。
English–Chinese Translation Techniques ? 介词→动词 ? 连接词省略不译
? 介词短语、定语从句、独立主格→短语或分句（短
句）
Chinese–EnglishTranslation Techniques
? 把汉语句子内含的逻辑关系用英语的连接词表达
出来
? 把汉语的流水句译成相互照应的单句
? 把汉语的众多动词分清顺序或分清主次编排成英
语的习惯表达
[例1]When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
[例2]It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere in small change.
[例3]The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
[例4]He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
[例5]He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.
[译文1]为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 [译文2]情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，曾称爱情为对理想生活的憧憬。现在看来，简而言之，爱情就是一种满足感：女人的情感平时是零零星星的，必须等有了丈夫和孩子，情感便收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。 [译文3]彩虹由多圈颜色组成，外圈红，内圈紫。 [译文4]他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
[译文5]他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。
[例6]抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 [例7]东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。 [例8]不进则退。
[例9]我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。
[例10]华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向里屋去了。
[译文6]Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.
[译文7]If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if in the west, it will be rainy; if in the south, it will be sultry; if in the north, it will be stormy.
[译文8]He who does not advance falls backward.
[译文9]Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river. [译文10]After some fumbling under the pillow, his wife produced a packet of silver dollars to him. He pocketed it nervously and patted his pocket. Then, lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp, he went into the room.
[1]过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 [2]她吓得昏了过去。
[3]女主人劳了许多心神、花了许多费用来招待客人，可是客人只顾津津有味地与男主人谈政治、谈生意，却没有注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，房间内讲究的摆设。这真令女主人再失望不过，因为这才可能是她真正感兴趣并引以自豪之所在。
[4]电流可以把电能传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。
[5]没有外力作用，运动的物体就持续做匀速直线运动。[6]不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ [7]狼披羊皮还是狼。 [8]酒醉智昏。
[9]他在下班回家的路上遇到了骤雨，胳膊下挟着一个公文包，开始向前跑，想去搭乘公共汽车，那辆汽车在他前头约有十米远，正在慢速开行。
[10]我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。[1]All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
[2]She had such a fright that she fainted.
[3]There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who