《计算机网络(第四版)》习题答案(8)

2018-12-02 14:20

结构是不够的,还可以把区组合成簇(CLUSTER),把簇再组合成域(ZONE),??对于等级式路由,在路由表中对应所有的本地路由器都有一个登录项,所有其他的区(本簇内)、簇(本域内)和域都缩减为单个路由器,因此减少了路由表的尺寸。

在本题中,4800=15*16*20。当选择15 个簇、16 个区,每个区20 个路由器时(或等效形式,例如20 个簇、16 个区,每个区15 个路由器),路由表尺寸最小,此时的路由表尺寸为15+16+20=51。

5-14 Looking at the subnet of Fig. 5-6, how many packets are generated by a broadcast from B, using (a) reverse path forwarding? (b) the sink tree?

答:在一个子网中,从所有的源到一个指定的目的地的最佳路由的集合形成一棵以该目的地为根的树。这样的树就称作汇集树。汇集树不必是唯一的,其他具有相同通路长度的树可能存在。所有路由选择算法的目标都是要为所有的路由器寻找和使用汇集树。在广播形式的应用中,源主机需要向所有其他的主机发送报文。在称为反向通路转发的广播路由选择中,当广播分组到达路由器时,路由器对此分组进行检查,查看该分组是否来自于通常用于发送分组到广播源的线路,如果是,则此广播分组本身非常有可能是从源路由器来的第一个拷贝。

在这种情况下,路由器将此分组复制转发到进入线路以外的所有线路。然而,如果广播分组到来的线路不是到达源端的线路,那么分组就被当作副本而扔掉。

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(1)反向通路转发算法,算法进行到5 个跳段后结束,总共产生28 个分组。 (2)使用汇集树算法,需要4 个跳段,总共产生14 个分组。

5-15 Consider the network of Fig. 5-16(a). Imagine that one new line is added, between F and G, but the sink tree of Fig. 5-16(b) remains unchanged. What changes occur to Fig. 5-16(c)?

节点F目前有两个子节点A和D.它现在获得了第三个——G,但并未构成环路,因为沿着IFG的报文不在汇集树上。节点G除D之外获得第二个子节点,标记为F,它也因没有加入汇集树而没有构成环路。

5-21 As a possible congestion control mechanism in a subnet using virtual circuits internally, a router could refrain from acknowledging a received packet until (1) it knows its last transmission along the virtual circuit was received successfully and (2) it has a free buffer. For simplicity, assume that the routers use a stop-and-wait protocol and that each virtual circuit has one buffer dedicated to it for each direction of traffic. If it takes T sec to transmit a packet (data or acknowledgement) and there are n routers on the path, what is the rate at which packets are delivered to the destination host? Assume that transmission errors are rare and that the host-router connection is infinitely fast.

答:对时间以T 秒为单位分时隙。在时隙中,源路由器发送第一个分组。在时隙2 的开始,第2 个路由器收到了分组,但不能应答。在时隙3 的开始,第3 个路由器收到了分组,但也不能

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应答。这样,此后所有的路由器都不会应答。仅当目的地主机从目的地路由器取得分组时才会发送第1 个应答。现在确认应答开始往回传播。在源路由器可以发送第2 个分组之前,需要两次穿行该子网,需要花费的时间等于2(n-1)T 秒/分组,显然,这种协议的效率是很低的。 5-22 A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of

(a) hops a packet makes per transmission? (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?

答:(1)由源主机发送的每个分组可能行走1 个跳段、2 个跳段或3 个跳段。走1 个跳段的概率为p ,走2 个跳段的概率为(1- p)p ?,走3 个跳段的概率为(1- p)2 p。那么,一个分组平均通路长度的期望值为:

即每次发送一个分组的平均跳段数是 p2-3 p?+3。

(2)一次发送成功(走完整个通路)的概率为( 1- p )2,令a? =?( 1- p)2,两次发射成功的概率等于 ( 1- a) a,三次发射成功的概率等于 ( 1- a)2 a? ,…,因此一个分组平均发送次数为:

即一个分组平均要发送1/(1- p )2次。

(3)最后,每一个接收到的分组行走的平均跳段数等于

5-23 Describe two major differences between the warning bit method and the RED method.

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第一,警告位方法通过设置一个位明确地发送一个拥塞通知给来源,而RED方法通过简单地丢弃它的一个报文来隐含地通知源;

第二,警告位方法只在没有缓冲空间时才丢弃报文,而RED方法在所有缓冲区耗尽之前就丢弃报文。

5-24 Give an argument why the leaky bucket algorithm should allow just one packet per tick, independent of how large the packet is.

答:通常计算机能够以很高的速率产生数据,网络也可以用同样的速率运行。然而,路由器却只能在短时间内以同样高的速率处理数据。对于排在队列中的一个分组,不管它有多大,路由器必须做大约相同分量的工作。显然,处理10 个100 字节长的分组所作的工作比处理1 个1000 字节长的分组要做的工作多得多。

5-25 The byte-counting variant of the leaky bucket algorithm is used in a particular system. The rule is that one 1024-byte packet, or two 512-byte packets, etc., may be sent on each tick. Give a serious restriction of this system that was not mentioned in the text.

答:不可以发送任何大于1024 字节的分组。

5-27 A computer on a 6-Mbps network is regulated by a token bucket. The token bucket is filled at a rate of 1 Mbps. It is initially filled to capacity with 8 megabits. How long can the computer transmit at the full 6 Mbps?

答:本题乍看起来,似乎以6Mb/s 速率发送用4/3 秒的时间可以发送完桶内8Mb 的数据,使漏桶变空。然而,这样回答是错误的,因为在这期间,已有更多的令牌到达。正确的答案应该使用公式S= C /(M-P ),这里的S表示以秒计量的突发时间长度,M 表示以每秒字节计量的最大输出速率,C 表示以字节计的桶的容量,P 表示以每秒字节计量的令牌到达速率。则:

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因此,计算机可以用完全速率6Mb/s 发送1.6 s 的时间。

5-28 Imagine a flow specification that has a maximum packet size of 1000 bytes, a token bucket rate of 10 million bytes/sec, a token bucket size of 1 million bytes, and a maximum transmission rate of 50 million bytes/sec. How long can a burst at maximum speed last?

答:令最大突发时间长度为? t 秒,在极端情况下,漏桶在突发期间的开始是充满的(1MB),在突发期间另有10? t MB 进入桶内。在传输突发期间的输出包含50? t MB。由等式1+10? t=50? t,得到? t=1/40s,即25ms。因此,以最大速率突发传送可维持25ms 的时间。

5-31 Consider the user of differentiated services with expedited forwarding. Is there a guarantee that expedited packets experience a shorter delay than regular packets? Why or why not?

不能保证。如果过多报文被加快,它们的通道性能可能比常规通道更差。

5-32 Is fragmentation needed in concatenated virtual-circuit internets or only in datagram systems?

答:在这两种情况下都需要分割功能。即使在一个串接的虚电路网络中,沿通路的某些网络可能接受1024 字节分组,而另一些网络可能仅接受48字节分组,分割功能仍然是需要的。 5-34 Suppose that host A is connected to a router R 1, R 1 is connected to another router, R 2, and R 2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 900 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP code at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, Identification, DF, MF, and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link

R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes including a 12-byte frame header.

开头的IP数据报会在I1被拆分成两个IP数据包,不会出现其他的拆分。???

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