13.Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞. 例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year. 2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it. 4>.To smoke or not to smoke, that is a question.
5>.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers, who feuded bitterly over control of the family business, Charles Krug Winery. 14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的. 例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note? 2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered? 15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced sructural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. A figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure.
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.（将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。） 例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore. 2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death. 4>.Take little, give more.
5>.Pride hurts, modesty benefits.满招损，谦受益。 6>.All for one, one for all.人人为我，我为人人。 16.Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法.. 例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.
2>.The child is the father to the man.三岁看老。
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3>.Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
4>.There are two ways of rising in the world, either by your own industry or by the folly of others. 5>.Nothing is more fatal to happiness than the rememberance of happiness.
6>.I believe, though, that praise should be measured, if there must be any, it should be negative to be constructive.
7>.I love him so much that I hate him when he looks at another girl. 8>.A lover of peace emerged as a magnificent leader of war.
9>.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammer so well.
10>.John McEnroe: The Champ You Love to Hate.
11>.Saturday Night on Sunday Morning.(推销录像机的广告标题) 12>.Homeless, they have a hundred homes.
13>.The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. 14>.No news is good news.(尤其在战争年代) 17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻,矛盾修饰法
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义. 例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
3>.The mother is undergoing the joyful pain,and the painful joy of childbirth. 18.Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象. 例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
3>.And her face looking up, her lost face with beseeching eyes, and dark, wet hair-possessed,
haunted, tortured him. 19.Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列. 例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
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2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
3>.We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists---and the
dust.
4>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots. 5>.It is truth uniiversally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in
want of a wife.
20.Rhetorical repetition叠言，重复叠言Repetition
这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1>.It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2>... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。
3>.I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night. 我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。
21.Onomatcpocia拟声
是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
1>.On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀亲人的说话声呀
3>.The begger rattled the coins in his tin.
4>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt---sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 22.Alliteration头韵法
在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或音，以增强语言的节奏感。
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 23.Analogy: (类比）
It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。
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比如说，我们在讨论政府职能的时候，假如我们不了解政府职能，我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起，比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司或者一些大型小型组织，从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以类似如下开展：
Appropriate praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.
While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions,some of the most “exclusive”prisons now require about five prior serious crimes before an inmate is accepted into their correctional program.
Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.将写书的动作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷等回音类比。
24.Understatement: (含蓄陈述）降调陈述
It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
1>.He is no mean opponent in the coming debate.(言外之意，他不是一个弱者，而是一个劲敌)
2>.There was a slight disturbance in the Soviet Union last year, which caused the disintegration of the country.
3>.It was not without reason that the Council decided to take such measures. 25.Syllepsis: (一语双叙）
It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)
In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 例句：
1>.At the next door he shook off his company and ran. He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, heart, vows and liberttos.
2>.The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seat. 3>.Old people gathering in the social hall for comradeship and a hot lunch.
4>.While the vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career.
5>.The businessman left in high spirits and a Cadillac.
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6>.The moon was above, cold and beautiful, and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars. 7>.She opened the door and her heart for the homeless boy. 26.Sarcasm: (讽刺）
It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
【irony : 1) the amusing or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect 2) the use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean,often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this
satire : a way of criticizing a person ,an idea or an institution in which you use humour to show their faults or weaknesses
sarcasm : a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sb or to make fun of them
可见 irony 和 sarcasm 都有反语的意思 而 sarcasm通常指对人进行
挖苦嘲讽，irony可以指其他事物。satire和上面两个有区别，是指通过幽默对人，想法或机构的讽刺和取笑比如讽刺社会的阴暗面等。】 27.Allusion典故
它包括引用典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
1>.A university degree is no longer the open sesame to a good job.
2>.Mary is a good dancer but she’s getting fat latterly,which is her Achilles’ heel.
3>.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now ang then wiped away his crocodile tears with a big hadkerchief. 28.Transferred epithet移位修辞格
1>.The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the year of the Great Depression.
2>.They are still prolonging the night: dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoing the unfortunate necessity of undertaking a day’s work in the fields after a sleepless night. 3>.He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.
4>.He occasionally even engages in electronic conversations with Apple users around the coungtry.
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