This sheet will discuss how to write good itles. Please feel free to use them for your course descriptions. Your title is critical. It’s your main opportunity to attract your reader’s attention and generate interest in reading further. Good Ideas Make it interactive Make it personal Title Use humor You Genes Do Fit Just for the Halibut（大比目鱼） Keep titles simple and positive Simple Winter Soups Use numbers in the title Emphasize curiosity, fun, discovery, unique ideas Ten Ways to Turn Out Terrific Kids No Bones about It: Discover The Skeleton in Your Closet (Use the Word “You”） Examples Everything You Always Wanted to Ask Your Dentist You Tube and Your Business: What You Need to Know 56. Which of the following titles uses titles the humor strategy? A. It's Magic!
B. Clean up Your Man Cave
C. Live Better on Less D. What*s Your Home Longing to Tell You? 57. This tip sheet is intended to . A. write belter course descriptions
B. make instructors' life colorful D. promote effective learning
B
Shiny things absorb less heat when left in the sun. This means that if the Earth could be made a little shinier it would be less likely to suffer global warming. Ways to brighten it, such as adding nanoscale specks（纳米级） of salt to low clouds, making them whiter, or putting a thin haze of particles into the stratosphere（平流层）, are the field of “geoengineering”（地球工程）. A small band of scientists which have mostly been using computer models to study the subject. Some of them are now proposing outdoor experiments—using seawater-fed sprayers to churn out particles of the exact size needed to brighten clouds, or scattering sulphur particles（硫粒子） from underneath a large balloon 20km up in the sky.
The scientists hope to understand some of the processes on which these technologies depend, as a way of both measuring their possibility (can you reliably make the proper amount of sea salt brighten clouds?) and assessing
6
C. support the community programs
their risks (how much damage to the ozone layer might a stratospheric haze do, and how might such damage be minimized?). The experiments would be far too small to have any climatic effects. The amount of sulphur put into the stratosphere by the experimental balloon would be 2% of what a passenger jet crossing the Atlantic emits in an hour.
However, many scientists doubt whether geoengineering experiments have any effects. And some
environmentalists say that such experiments reflect the hubris（傲慢）of humans, who believe they can toy with nature.
Geoengineering is not an alternative to relieving climate change by cutting carbon emissions. Even if emissions do start to fall, the cuts will lake decades to have any effect so temperatures are likely to go on rising for some time. The planet is not getting cooler and the pressures on the climate are unlikely to go away. It is therefore not too hard to imagine a world, decades from now, in which emissions are falling but temperatures are rising steeply and the ability to adapt to them has been stretched too far. An additional way to stabilize temperatures might then seem appropriate. Geoengineering offers that possibility.
58. The aim of the outdoor experiments in paragraph 1 is . A. to relieve the global warming B. to brighten the clouds C. to test the computer models
D. to study geoengineering
59. The geoengineering climate experiment would hardly take any climate effect because . A. scientists aren't sure whether sea salt can brighten clouds B. geoengineering would minimize the damage to the ozone layer C. the amount of sulphur emitted by a balloon is very small D. a passenger jet emits much more sulphur than a balloon does 60. Even if carbon emission is reduced right away, . A. global warming will be relieved
B. climatic pressure will be removed D. global warming will last for years
C. the temperature will remain stable
61. We can infer from the passage that . A. passenger jets are a major cause of global warming B. scientists don’t show due respect for the environment C. geoengineering is better than cutting carbon emissions D. cutting emissions isn't enough to relieve climate change
7
C
For months fish that live in dark caves in Mexico go without food. They have gone far longer- thousands of years-without light, evolving to lose their eyes and skin pigments（色素）.Now researchers have discovered these strange creatures have another oddity. They survive their food-scarce environment, the fish have evolved extreme ways of turning nutrients into energy. These features create symptoms like large blood sugar swings that, in humans, are predictors of type 2 diabetes. But in the fish these changes are adaptations, not a disease. These cave fish lead log and healthy lives.
Understanding how the fish remain healthy in spite of these symptoms may lead to new approaches for treating diabetes in people, says Cliff Tabin, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School. He and his colleagues are beginning to get clues about how cave fish survive the symptoms.
In humans and other mammals, one of the first signs of type 2 diabetes risk is
poor control of Wood sugar (glucose). This happens because cells resist insulin, the hormone that signals cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. If the problems continue, they progress into full-blown diabetes. The illness kills 3.4 million people worldwide every year, but current treatments often do not work.
The cave fish has, apparently, figured out another solution. The fish were washed from rivers into caves about a million years ago. It was a big change. Rivers were full of food but caves have only what is washed in by seasonal floods.
Because cave fish go many months without food, researchers assumed they evolved a metabolism(新陈代谢）that efficiently stores the calories in a similar way animals store fat before winter. To test that idea, they compared the cave fish with the river fish raised under same conditions in the lab. They found the cave fish do store more visceral fat than river fish. But the cave fish also had much larger, fatty livers, which resembled diabetes-linked fatty liver disease in humans. “But you don’t see destruction of the liver in these guys.” Tabin says. “It’s very curious.” Cave fish researchers are now working to find out how the fish do it. “The only piece of total evidence is that the metabolic rate is lower in the cave fish than in their river fish relatives.” says Alex Keene of Florida Atlantic University. \“Finding that something will, like fishing, require some patience.” 62. What interests researchers most in the cave fish is that . A. they have evolved to lose their eyes and skin pigments
8
B. they have evolved ways of turning nutrients into energy C. they have experienced no symptoms of diabetes in humans D. they have survived from symptoms of diabetes in humans 63. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that . A. insulin disturbs the control of blood sugar B. insulin takes in glucose from the bloodstream C. insulin prevents the rise of blood sugar
D. insulin lends to progress into full-blown diabetes
64. Researchers study the metabolism in the cave fish mainly by . A. testing the efficiency of storing fat inside them B. comparing their fat amount with that in the river fish C. comparing their fatty livers with those of humans D. observing their livers storing fat with no destruction 65. It can be concluded that the features of the cave fish . A. have enabled researchers to find out new ways to treat diabetes B. have inspired researchers about new treatments for diabetes C. have brought in many new ideas about how to treat diabetes D. will be used as a treatment for diabetes in the near future
D
Ever since his applauded first novel, Kazuo Ishiguro, now 60, has managed to maintain a steady literary drive, a steady amount of creative space, and a steady success rate. The Buried Giant, Ishiguro’s seventh novel, and his first in a decade, is as risky as it is attractive. It is a sort historical fantasy novel filled with dragons and knights (骑士）丨It is a sort of the surface, but it is also deeply human, rooted in themes fundamental to the human experience: love, history, and the ability to remember it all.
JANE GAYDUK: How would you cope with the idea of memory—a huge theme in The Buried Giant —if you were to set a story like that in the age where everything is online?
KAZUO ISHIGURO: One of the questions that attract me right now—I suppose these are questions that arose in my mind as I was writing The Buried Giant, but there was no room in the book itself for exploring them—would be, where do the memory banks in a modem society exist? And I think that question has gotten really complicated now. Maybe in simpler societies such as the one I describe in The Buried Giant — I don't think those societies were
9
simple but perhaps they were simpler in terms of this particular question—you could point to your living memory, what the oldest people still remember about what happened, literally what is handed down.
JANE GAYDUK: Do you think this changes the nature of history? It used to be written down by a select few people who bad the power to shape stories, but now it’s almost like every individual participates in shaping history and thought.
KAZUO ISHIGURO: If you leave the official account of a nation’s history, a community’s history, to just a handful of people, I think that's a more dangerous situation. Particularly if it's a handful of people, who are usually the upper levels, who could write the history books and then have those history books taught in schools. Of course skilled, disciplined, and talented historians have always been vital to a society, and I think they’ll continue to be vital to a society, but in some ways I feel encouraged by the fact that so many ordinary people now have the ability to put down their impressions; at least there's the potential that their voices will be assessed and heard.
Just as an example, when I was researching The Remains of the Day, which is about an English butler (管家），I assumed I’d find a lot of accounts by people who had worked in service because that's what an enormous proportion of people in Britain did between the First and Second World War. And I was amazed to find almost . There were scholarly books written by academics about the history of boilers, hut actual personal accounts written by people like that were almost zero. I guess it's because people of that class didn't feel it was their place to write things down, and they probably didn't have the tools or the time, or perhaps the education even to write things down, and so considerable human experience disappeared. I think there is something encouraging about people being able to record things everywhere, but with such a massive amount of data, there need to be very complicated means of controlling it and deciding which becomes the things that determine the way we remember what we experienced. JANE GAYDUK: On the topic of finishing books, did you write past the official ending of The Buried Giant or was that your natural end? I felt the conclusion was kind of a cliffhanger.
KAZUO ISHICURO: I don't really think of the ending as a cliffhanger, but maybe it's more ambiguous than I intended. That is the ending I always wanted, though. With all my books, I'm aiming for a certain emotion to come over with the book as a whole and usually that is the emotion ending should deliver. I can’t deliver that emotion in an earned, proper way unless the rest of the book has worked, so I'm always very aware that the ending is not something I add when the story is finished. For me, the ending for all my books is the arrival point; it’s what I’ve been aiming at all along. 66. Ishiguro didn't discuss “the memory banks” in his novel because . A. he wrote the novel in the digital era B. the novel is not centered on memory
10