(3) *Frank thinks himself is a superstar.
7.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?
Chapter V
1. Fill in the blanks.
1. According to G Leech , meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to , over and above its purely conceptual content.
2. According to G Leech , meaning refers to logic , cognitive , or denotative content. 3. According to G .Leech , meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer .
4. Terms like “apple” , “banana” and “peal” are of the term “fruit” .
5. “X buys something from Y ” and “Y sells something to X” are in a relation of . 6. “Mary gave a book to Jack” is synonymous with “Jack a book from Mary . ” 7. =PARANT( x , y ) & MALE ( x ). 8. =CHILD ( x , y ) & MALE ( x ).
9. Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and . 10. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called . II .Multiple Choice
1. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest .( Focus on connotation )
A . corpulent B . statesman C . slim D . decease
2 . Deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience .
A . Reference B . Concept C . Semantics D . Sense 3 . Which of the following is NOT included in G .Leech?s seven types of meaning ? A . Connotative meaning B . Denotative meaning C . Conceptual meaning
4 . Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . ( Focus on the type of semantic relation )
A . school/college B . move/run C . furniture/table D . mature/ripe
5 . Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . ( Focus on the type of semantic opposition )
A . wake-asleep B . inside-outside C . teacher-student D . right-left
6 . There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized , sameness relation , oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation . There are represented by respectively . A . synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymy B . synonymy , hyponymy , and antonymy C . antonymy , synonymy , and hyponymy
7 . By componential analysis , BECOME ( x , ( ~ ALIVE ( x ))) is an explanation of A .die B . dead C . kill D . killed
8 . The sense relationship between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is .
A . synonymy B . antonymy C . entailment
9 . Conceptual meaning is not A . affective B . cognitive C . logic D . denotative
10 . The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word A . is interpreted through the mediation of concept B . is related to the thing it refers to
C . is the idea associated with that word “ in the minds of speakers ” D . is the image it is represented in the mind
11 . Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or which can not be determined by the context
A . homonymy B . antonymy C . meronymy D . synonymy III . True or false
1 . In the sentence “ Money is often said to be the root of all evil” , “ root ” is used in its conceptual meaning .
2 . After comparing “ They stopped at the end of the corridor .” with “ At the end of the corridor , they stopped .” , you may find some difference in meaning , and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.
3 . Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of “ reference” .
4 . When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual , the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker?s meaning , or contextual meaning . 5 . Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices .
6 . Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct . 7 . “ Tulip” , “ rose ” and “ violet ” are all included in the notion of “ flower ” , Therefore they are superordinates of “ flower ” .
8 . Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship .
9 . All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have senses . IV . Explain the following terms . 1 . Semantic Triangle 2 . Gradable antonym 3 . Semantic feature 4 . Componential analysis 5 . Entailment 6 . Presupposition
V . Short answer questions
1 . What is conceptual meaning ? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified Leech ?
2 . Explain the notion of hyponym .
3 . How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences , using semantic features? ( a ) The television drank my water ( b ) His dog writes poetry 4 . What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says : ( a ) Where did he buy the beer? ( b ) Your watch is broken .
5 . Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair :
( 1 ) a . He no longer likes coffee b . He liked coffee.
( 2 ) a . Mary is working in China b . Mary is working in Beijing
6 . In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features ? 7 . Are utterances , sentences , and propositions the same ? 8 . Do you think there are true synonyms in English ? Why ? VI . Essay questions
1 .Explain the seven types of meaning and use example to illustrate your ideas .
2 . Discuss sense , denotation and reference , using Chinese examples to illustrate your points . 3 . Words are in different sense relations with each other .What sense relation is illustrated in of the pairs of words below ? Add one more example to each pair . ( a ) casual - informal ( b ) intelligent - stupid ( c ) steal - steel ( d ) animal - dog
4 . For each of the following pairs of words , state the principal reason why they may not be consid ered to be synonyms :
a . man boy b . Toilet loo c . Determined stubborn d . pavement sidewalk e . Slim skinny f . Move run
5 . Put the following words in a hierarchical order ( you can use a tree diagram if need be ) and try to define at least two of them :
Crocodile , mammal , reptile , rabbit , primate , animal
6 . Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow . “ Take some more tea .” the March Hare said to Alice , very earnestly .
“ I?ve had nothing yet ,” Alice replied in an offended tone , “ so I can?t take more .” ( 1 ) Why was Alice offended ?
( 2 ) What is the problem with the March Hare?s remark ? What is the linguistic issue involved here ? 7 . Consider the following statements . When do we say Statement . When do we say Statement A entails Statement B ? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B ? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C ? Why ? Do Statement A and D both presuppose Statement B ? Why ? A . Jack?s brother has gone bankrupt . B . Jack?s has a brother .
C . Jack?s sibling has gone bankrupt D . Jack?s brother has not gone bankrupt
8 . In each of the following sentences , the second part cancels some information given by the first part . However , this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group ( 1 ) and in very awkward utterances in group ( 2 ) . Explain why . Group ( 1 )
A . 老张有三个小孩，其实还不止三个。
B . 我只喜欢黄色和蓝色，不过试试红色也未尝不可。 C . 约翰的普通话说得还可以，确切地说是非常棒。 Group （ 2 ）
* d . 我特后悔选修了这门课，其实我没有选修这门课。 * e . 她这次考试又不及格，不过她上次及格了。
*f . 我在乡下日子过得很苦，说真的我没在乡下待过。
9 . The following four sentences present four different usages of the word . Please discuss the
distinctions and connections among the four usages , illustrating your points with your own examples
where necessary .
1 )不过两年，君必无患。
2 )他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。 3 )这是个乖巧不过的孩子。
4 )我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。 10 . Comment on the following observation in about 150 words . “ The meaning of a words is not an unanalysable whole .”
Chapter IV
I. Fill in the blanks .
1. A perlocutionary art is the act performed by or resulting from saying something ; it is the __________ of , or the __________ the utterance .
2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult ” , the sentence would have an __________ force .
3. There has been a maxim in __________ which claims that “ You are what you say . ” 4. The theory of in following conversational implicature was proposed by __________ . 5. Y?s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________ . X : Who was that you were with last night ?
Y : Did you know that you were wearing odd socks ?
6. Promising ,undertaking , vowing are the most typical of the ________. II. Multiple Choice
1. The speech act theory was developed by __________.
A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Levinson D. Leech
2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest . (Focus on the type of illocutionary act )
A. Threaten B. Advise C. Beseech D. Urge 3. __________ is using a sentence to perform a function .
A. A perlocutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A locutionary act D. Speech act
4. By saying “ You have left the door wide open ,” a speaker might be performing the three acts : locutionary , illocutionary and perlocutionary __________.
A. At the same time B. One after another
C. Two first and then the other D .One first and then other two 5. The Illocutionary Act was developed by __________ .
A. John Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D. John Searle
6. According to the conversation maxim of __________ suggested by Grice , one should speak truthfully .
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Manner
7. Which of the following is NOT one of four maxims the Cooperative Principle ? A. The maxim of quantity B. The maxim of quality C. The maxim of manner D. The maxim of strength III. True or false
1. A speaker flouts the Maxim of quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful . 2. The co-operative principle was proposed by Grice .
3. When performing an illocutionary act of representative , the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true .
4. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context , pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of meaning study .
5. Inviting , suggesting , warning , ordering are instances of commissives , IV. Explain the following terms .
1. Locutionary Act ,Illocutinary Act and perlocutionary Act
2. How would you describe this short exchange in terms of ardors performed by the speakers ? Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system . Mechanic : I?ll be busy with other car all day .
3. Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning , or “ 言外之意 ” in chinese .
4. Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.
(1) A: Can you tell me the secret ? B: But John is there .
(2) A: Let?s go to the movies . B: I?ll bring the Kleenex .
(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes ?
B:I wouldn?t drive ANY expensive car .
5. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue ? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle .
A: When is the bus coming ?
B: There has been an accident further up the road .
6. Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice?s Cooperative Principle . A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you ?
B: I often hear classical music , especially ,the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony NO.9 is my favorite .
7. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations ? VI. Essay questions
1. When a teacher says “ it?s so hot in here ” during a class ,what does she probably mean ? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation .
2. A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin?s Speech Act theory . What are they ? Analyze the following conversations in the light of Speech Act theory . Customer : Waiter ! There?s a fly in my soup . Waiter : Don?t worry , there?s no extra charge.
3 . Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each . 4 . Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle . a . I think he was married and had a lioness at home . b. A : What do you intend to do ? B : I have a terrible headache c . A : Where?ve you been ? B . Out
5 . Discuss the following advertisement extensively : “ 你不理财，财不理你” .
6 . Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other . The first said “ 哎，几点了？” and the second said
“不好意思，打扰一下，请问您戴表了吗？”
What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in there two ways and why would you make them ？
7 . What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue？ Define，analyze and explain the phenomenon .
甲：上车请买票。 乙：三张天安门。 甲：您拿好。