专业英语写作考点总结
part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作） chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing
1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.
（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲 或宣读）。
2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分
(1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格）
(1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not
(2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式）
例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few
(3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法）
例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：you can see the results in table 1.
改为：the results can be seen in table 1.
改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered.
(6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：this model was developed by krugman originally.
改为：this model was originally developed by krugman.
(7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式） 例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.
(8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇） 例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题：
（1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities.
错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
改为：coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.
（3）you can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.
错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen. 错误：使用了so far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
（6）there are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material. 错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely usedthan it is now as a construction material.
（7）these special tax laws have been enacted in six states: illinois, iowa,ohio,etc. 错误：使用了etc。 改为：these special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: illinois, iowa, indiana, ohio, michigan, and minnesota. （8）there isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.
错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。 改为：little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.chapter 2 two underlying structures in academic writing
（专业写作的两个基本结构）
1、two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构） (1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(gs)结构）
(2) problem-process-solution structure（问题-过程-解决方法） 2、gs texts usually begin with one of the following: （gs文本通常以下列一种形式开始）
(1) a short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）
(3) a generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述） (4) a statement of fact.（事实陈述） 3、super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）
4、deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词 a. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 b. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
c. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息 例题：p23 (1). metal that is often used —> metal often used (2). device that is capable of —> device capable of (3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from (5). this sentence cannot be reduced.
(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave
higher
(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective transport
(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass 5、考题类型：句子排序 例题：p27 （1）比较定义基本上有两类：
1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。
2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、participle（分词） 例题：p39
（1）the oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.
（2）after being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.
（3）first, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. it is then heated to over 600oc and cooled in a step known as quenching.
8、词和词型的变换 p23-p25
1、in many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、 数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）
a、location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述） b、highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）
3、location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结） c、verbs in indicative and informatives summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结 中的动词）
d、language focus:linking as-clause.（语言聚焦：连接词as引出的从句） chapter 4 summary and abstract writing（总结与摘要写作） 1、principle requirements for a good summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主 要需求）
(2) it should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以 精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料） (3) it should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s own words and avoid terminology.（ 它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的 文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）
(4) provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提 供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度） 2、写作总结的基本步骤
(1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标 题，试将文本分成几部分。
(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在 处理哪种类型的文本,即:来 源文本类型
(3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记
(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一 部分尽量写出一个一句话 的总结。
(5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但 必要时也要包括小的细节。 (6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。
3、basic structure of abstract writing（摘要写作的基本结构） （1）topic sentence（主题句）
（2）supporting sentences（佐证句） （3）concluding sentence（结论句） 4、p70-p72的例句，写作时会用得上。
5、summary and abstract 两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary 要分三段来写，abstract不分段。part ii basal english writing （基础英语写作） chapter 1 punctuation（标点符号） 2、the period（句号） 3、the semicolon（分号） 4、the colon（冒号）
5、the question mark（问号） 6、the quotation mark（引号） 7、the exclamation mark（感叹号） 8、the dash（破折号）
9、italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线） 10、练习题：p96-97
11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 ※chapter 2 vocabulary（词汇）
1、levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具体）, and general（笼统） and specific（特指）. it also includes how to appreciate theconnotative（引申含义） as well as denotative（字面含义，本义） meanings of words.
2、english words can be categorized as（分为） formal, informal and colloquial（口 语的）. 3、练习题：1/p102
4、练习题：p109-p113chapter 3 english sentence writing（英语句子写作） 1、types of sentences（句子的类型） p114 （1）according to structure （根据结构） ① simple sentences（简单句） （2）according to use（根据功能） ① declarative sentences （陈述句） ② interrogative sentences （疑问句） ③ imperative sentences （祈使句） ④ exclamatory sentences （感叹句） （3）according to rhetoric （根据修辞）
① loose sentences （松散句，主体部分放在前面）
② periodic sentences （掉尾句，主体部分放在最后） ※ ③ balanced sentences （平行句）
④ long and short sentences （长、短句） 2、练习题 （p121）
改为：he thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.（或者he thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it
for only ten pounds.）
（2）i always take my raincoat whenever i go out these days.(periodic) 改为：whenever i go out these days, i always take my raincoat.
改为：when they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.
改为：after the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.
（6）the train is going to dalian. the train leaves at 20:15. (simple) 改为：the train to dalian leaves at 20:15.
（7）in spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (loose)
改为：he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spiteof the interruption.
（8）many people choose travel by air. it is fast. it offers convenience. it is not very expensive. (parallel structure)
改为：many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive. 3、练习题 p121
（1）履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。
译：a resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements. （2）戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。
译：diana is majoring in chinese traditional medicine in nanjing medicaluniversity.
（3）请代我向你父母致以问候。
译：please send my best regards to your parents.
（4）现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。
译：modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society.
（5）这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？
译：is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic? （6）经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。
译：take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will valueyour today and look forward to your tomorrow.
（7）中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。
译：traditional chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success. （8）就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。
译：if i did hunt for love, i certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.（9）学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。
译：universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the western exploration.