浅析如何识别与应对财务报表粉饰
摘 要
财务报表内容是企业对外提供的主要财务信息,也是连接企业与政府、投资者、债权人等报表使用者的桥梁。但是目前,无论是国内还是国外,企业财务报表粉饰现象都是普遍存在的。它掩盖了企业真实的财务状况和经营成果,向报表使用者传达不准确或是不真实的信息。然而,政府监管部门以及社会监督等本身存在着局限性,不一定能及时识别出被粉饰了的财务报表并予以防范,加之信息不对称和使用者专业知识的限制,报表使用者相对于报表提供方处于十分劣势的地位,往往被粉饰的财务报表所误导,错误判断,作出不正确的决策而遭受损失,不利于市场经济健康、有序地发展。近年来发生的海王公司利用坏账准备调节利润,格林科尔利用关联交易操纵利润等,都在市场上产生了极大的消极影响,财务报表的真实性越来越受到人们的关注。如何有效识别与应对财务报表粉饰变得十分紧迫。
我国正处于经济快速发展的时期,由于市场不发达和各种制度的不健全等,财务报表粉饰现象日趋严重且报表粉饰手段愈加复杂,粉饰的程度也愈高。因此本文主要从财务报表粉饰的现状出发,论述财务报表粉饰产生的社会经济基础和内外部动因,分析企业粉饰财务报表的常见手段与类型,探析如何识别财务报表粉饰,并在此基础上,分别针对管理人员、企业治理结构、相关法规和监管制度提出如何有效防范财务报表粉饰的建议。
关键词:财务报表,粉饰,识别,应对
I
How to identify and respond to the whitewash of financial
statements
Abstract
Financial statements of enterprise to are key financial information that provided by companies, connected with the government, investors, creditors and other users of financial statements .But at present, whether domestic or foreign, the whitewash of corporate financial statements are universal. It conceals the true financial position and operating results, conveys false or inaccurate information to users. However, with the inherent limitation of government regulators and community supervision, it is not easy to identify and prevent the whitewash of financial statements in time .Beside, since the asymmetry of information between companies and users, and the fact that the users have limited knowledge about financial, they are in a very disadvantaged position when compared with providers. The probably result is that users are misled, make wrong judgments and decisions and suffer a loss in the end. It is not good for market to develop healthy and orderly. In recent years, Sea King use for bad debts to adjust profit and Green Corner manipulation profits through related transactions and other event made a significant negative impact, the authenticity of financial statements is paid more and more attention. How to identify and respond to the whitewash of financial statements effectively becomes more urgent.
China is in a period of rapid development, the market is undeveloped, and various systems are not perfect, the whitewash of financial statements become general, and the means to gloss over it are growing more complex, with higher degree. The causes including information asymmetry, the system related is not complete, and supervision is poor. This article start from the status quo about the whitewash of financial statements, discusses what social and economic foundation lead to the phenomenon, the types and how to identify the whitewash of financial statements. According to this, we advise suggestions from different degrees, like management, corporate governance structure, laws and regulations and the regulatory regime.
Keywords: Financial Statements, whitewash, identification, prevent
II
目 录
摘 要 ................................................................................................................................................................. I Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. II 一、绪论 ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 二、财务报表粉饰概述 ................................................................................................................................ 1 (一)财务报表粉饰的概念 ................................................................................................................... 1 (二)我国财务报表粉饰现状 .............................................................................................................. 2 三、财务报表粉饰产生的社会经济基础和内外部动因 ..................................................................... 2 (一)财务报表粉饰产生的社会经济基础 ....................................................................................... 2 (二)财务报表粉饰的内外部动因 ..................................................................................................... 4 四、财务报表粉饰常见的手段和类型 ..................................................................................................... 5 (一)通过资产评估粉饰财务报表 ..................................................................................................... 5 (二)通过掩饰交易事实粉饰财务报表 ............................................................................................ 6 (三)通过关联方交易粉饰财务报表 ................................................................................................ 6 (四)通过资产重组、债务重组等粉饰财务报表 .......................................................................... 6 (五)通过会计政策和会计估计粉饰财务报表 .............................................................................. 7 五、如何识别与应对财务报表粉饰 ......................................................................................................... 7 (一)如何识别财务报表粉饰 .............................................................................................................. 7 (二)对如何防范财务报表粉饰行为的几点意见 .......................................................................... 9 结论 ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 参考文献 ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 谢辞 ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
浅析如何识别与应对财务报表粉饰
一、绪论
财务报表是企业对外提供的信息的载体,是政府机构、投资者、债权人等报表使用者了解企业财务状况和经营成果的媒介,也是其作出投资决策的主要依据。由此可见,财务报表所含的信息在市场中的地位是十分重要的。但是,随着改革开放和社会经济的发展,已有的的公司治理结构、相关法规和监管制度等已不能适应市场的需要,急需改善。从2005年朱镕基总理在厦门国家会计学院所作的题词“不做假账”上可以看出如何规范财务报表,防止企业利用自身的信息优势粉饰财务报表成为迫切需要解决的问题,也是保障市场经济健康、有序发展所必须要面对的问题。
随着国家经济的发展,社会各方面对于会计信息质量的要求将越来越高,其也是使我国同国际接轨所必不可少的。同时,我们应该看到,规范财务报表,提高财务信息质量,防止财务报表粉饰除了健全和完善相关法规,增强政府机构和社会的监管力度外,更重要的是要从企业出发,加强企业管理层的法律意识、道德修养和社会责任心,从根源上预防企业粉饰财务报表的行为,减少报表使用者因误读财务报表而做出不恰当的决策而遭致损失发生的事件,以稳定市场经济秩序,促进经济发展。我们知道,防范财务报表粉饰是一个长远而艰巨的任务,除了政府部门外,各国的会计工作者和科研、教学人员也都为此做着努力。近年来,出现了很多相关的文章和论述,在不同的领域,从各个角度和方面对财务报表粉饰做了研究和分析,力求规范市场经济,有效解决财务报表粉饰存在的问题。本文从财务报表粉饰内涵和现状出发,分析财务报表粉饰产生的社会经济基础和内外部动因,论述企业粉饰财务报表的主要手段和类型,探讨识别报表粉饰的方法,最终提出如何有效防范财务报表粉饰的建议。
二、财务报表粉饰概述
(一)财务报表粉饰的概念
所谓财务报表粉饰是指企业利用会计法规上的漏洞或者不完善之处,采用一定技巧,使其会计报表掩盖真实的财务状况和经营成果。①从这个定义可以看出,财务报表粉饰应具备以下几个特点:第一、粉饰财务报表的主体是企业,主要是企业中有实际管理决策权的管理层,或者对被粉饰财务报表有着直接或者间接的重大影响的人;第二、财务报表粉饰的对象是企业对外提供的财务报表,主要包括资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表以及财务报表附注等;第三、财务报表粉饰的手段并非是赤裸裸地通过违反法律规定而进行的,
①
肖江.谈如何识别粉饰的企业会计报表.科技创新导报,2008,(5).
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