一、名词解释（英文）
机会成本 正常物品 需求价格弹性 需求收入弹性 消费者剩余 税收归宿 无差异曲线 收入效应 替代效应 隐性成本 经济利润 边际收益 边际产量递减 规模经济 价格歧视 占优策略 外部性 科斯定理 公共物品 边际产量值 二、选择
1、规模经济阶段，厂商的长期平均成本曲线是( ). A.下降的 B.上升的 C.处于最低点 D.不能确定
2、科学家的发现，多吃橘子可以降低患糖尿病的风险，同时，农民用了新的肥料，提高了橘子的产量，这些事件的发生会使橘子的均衡价格（ ） A.下降 B.上升 C. 不变 D.难以确定 3、公共物品具有的特性是（ ）
A.排他性 竞争性 B.非排他性 非竞争性 C.非排他性 竞争性 D. 排他性 非竞争性 4、下列说法正确的是（ ）
A.经济学中，关于人们之间相互交易的基本结论之一是理性人通过比较边际成本与边际收益做出决策。
B. 价格上限是某种物品或劳务的法定最高价格，如果价格上限低于市场均衡价格，则会引发产品的短缺，即需求量小于供给量。 C. 征税可以通过提高私人成本来减少污染。
D. 如果上游工厂污染了下游居民的饮水，按照科斯定理，只要交易成本为零，问题即可妥善解决。 三、判断
1、税收归宿指税收负担在市场参与者之间进行分配的方式，税收负担会更多地落在缺乏弹性的市场一方，并不取决于向买者征税还是向卖者征税。 2、会计利润总是大于经济利润。
3、投资者将自有资金投入经营中，相对于贷款而言，可以节约支出，降低隐性成本。
4、当两种商品很容易替代时，如50元纸币和100元纸币，无差异曲线会是一条向右下方倾斜的直线，两种商品MRS不变。
5、正常商品降价时，价格变动引发的收入效应和替代效应都会使该商品的需求量增加。
6、完全竞争厂商，如果价格低于平均可变成本，会退出该市场。
7、寡头市场上，厂商单独决策时，市场价格会高于竞争价格而低于垄断价格。 8、纳什均衡中，无论对方采取什么策略，参与者都有唯一的最优策略。 9、垄断竞争的厂商，其需求曲线与边际收益曲线重合，都是一条倾斜的直线。
四、作图
1、The market for hamburgers has the following demand and supply schedules:
Price $1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 Quantity Demanded 200 hamburgers 170 145 125 110 100 Quantity Supplied 110 hamburgers 130 145 155 160 165 a. Graph the demand and supply curves. What is the equilibrium price and quantity in this market?
b. If the actual price in this market were above the equilibrium price, what would drive the market toward the equilibrium?
2、Using supply-and-demand diagrams, show the effect of the following events on the market for sweatshirts运动衫.
a. A hurricane飓风 in South Carolina南卡罗来纳 damages the cotton crop. b. The price of leather jackets 皮夹克 falls.
3、Draw the demand, marginal-revenue, average total-cost, and marginal-cost curves for a monopolist. Show the profit-maximizing level of output, the profit-maximizing price, and the amount of profit.
4、Draw a diagram of the long-run equilibrium in a monopolistically competitive market. How is price related to average total cost? How is price related to marginal cost?
五、分析计算题
1、Suppose that your demand schedule for compact discs is as follows:
Quantity Demanded Quantity Demanded
Price (income = $10,000) (income = $12,000) $ 8 40 CDs 50 CDs 10 32 45 12 24 30 14 16 20 16 8 12
a. Use the midpoint method to calculate your price elasticity of demand as the price of compact discs increases from $8 to $10 if (i) your income is $10,000 and (ii) your income is $12,000.
b. Calculate your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 if (i) the price is $12 and (ii) the price is $16.
2、A price change causes the quantity demanded of a good to decrease by 30 percent, while the total revenue of that good increases by 15 percent. Is the demand curve elastic or inelastic? Explain.
3、Consumers’ income raises by 15 percent, while the quantity demanded of a good increases by 10 percent, Is the good an inferior good or a normal good? Explain. 4、You have the following information about goodX and good Y:
? Income elasticity of demand for good X: –3
? Cross-price elasticity of demand for good X with respect to the price of good Y: 2 Would an increase in income and a decrease in the price of good Y unambiguously decrease the demand for good X? Why or why not?
5、Suppose the demand for French bread rises. Explain what happens to producer surplus in the market for French bread. Explain what happens to producer surplus in the market for flour. Illustrate your answers with diagrams.
6、4. It is a hot day, and Bert is thirsty. Here is the value he places on a bottle of water: Value of first bottle $7 Value of second bottle $5 Value of third bottle $3 Value of fourth bottle $1
a. From this information, derive Bert’s demand schedule. Graph his demand curve for bottled water.
b. If the price of a bottle of water is $4, how many bottles does Bert buy? How much consumer surplus does Bert get from his purchases? Show Bert’s consumer surplus in your graph.
c. If the price falls to $2, how does quantity demanded change? How does Bert’s consumer surplus change? Show these changes in your graph.
7、There are four consumers willing to pay the following amounts for haircuts: Jerry: $7 Oprah: $2 Ellen: $8 Phil: $5
There are four haircutting businesses with the following costs: Firm A: $3 Firm B: $6 Firm C: $4 Firm D: $2
Each firm has the capacity to produce only one haircut. For efficiency, how many haircuts should be given? Which businesses should cut hair and which consumers should have their hair cut? How large is the maximum possible total surplus.
8、A consumer has income of 540. The price of good 1 is 20 per unit and the price of good 2 is 30 per unit. What is the slope of this budget constraint? If the consumer’s utility function is U=3X1X22，Calculate the optimal consumption choice and total utility.
已知某消费者每年用于商品1和商品2的收入为540元，两商品的价格分别为
2P1?20元和P2?30元，该消费者的效用函数为U?3X1X2，该消费者每年购买
这两种商品的数量各是多少? 每年从中获得的总效用是多少？
9. Consider the following table of long-run total costs for three different firms: Quantity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Firm A $60 $70 $80 $90 $100 $110 $120 Firm B 11 24 39 56 75 96 119 Firm C 21 34 49 66 85 106 129
Does each of these firms experience economies of scale or diseconomies of scale? 10、Based on market research, a recording company obtains the following information about the demand and production costs of its new CD: Price = 1,000 – 10Q
Total Revenue = 1,000Q – 10Q2 Marginal Revenue = 1,000 – 20Q Marginal Cost = 100 + 10Q
where Q indicates the number of copies sold and P is the price in cents. a. Find the price and quantity that maximizes the company’s profit. b. Find the price and quantity that would maximize social welfare. c. Calculate the deadweight loss from monopoly
11、For each of the following characteristics, say whether it describes a monopoly firm, a monopolistically competitive firm, both, or neither. a. Faces a downward-sloping demand curve b. Has marginal revenue less than price
c. Faces the entry of new firms selling similar products d. Earns economic profit in the long run
e. Equates marginal revenue and marginal cost f. Produces the socially efficient quantity of output
12、Suppose that the president proposes a new law aimed at reducing healthcare costs: All Americans are required to eat one apple daily.
a. How would this apple-a-day law affect the demand and equilibrium price of apples? b. How would the law affect the marginal product and the value of the marginal product of apple pickers?
c. How would the law affect the demand and equilibrium wage for apple pickers?