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B. I decided to give her a day off.
C. I decided to offer her some medical care. D. I decided to buy her something she liked. IV. READING COMPREHENSION
Read the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. And write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (2 points each, 20 points in all)
Passage 1
By good fortune, I was able to raft (漂流) down the Motu River in New Zealand twice last year. The magnificent four-day journey traverses (穿过) one of the last wilderness areas in the North Island. The first expedition was led by “Buzz”, an American guide with a great deal of rafting experience and many stories to tell of mighty rivers such as the Colorado. With a leader like Buzz, there was no reason to fear any of the great rapids on the Motu.
The first half day, in the gentle upper reaches, was spent developing teamwork and coordination. Strokes had to be mastered, and the discipline of following commands without question was strict. In the boiling fury of a rapid, there would be no room for any mistake. When Buzz bellowed (吼叫) above the roar of the water, an instant reaction was essential.
We mastered the Motu. In every rapid we fought against the river and we overcame it. The screamed commands of Buzz were matched only by the fury of our paddles, as we took the raft exactly where Buzz wanted it to go.
At the end of the journey, there was a great feeling of triumph. We proved that we were so superior and powerful that we had overcome the mystery and majesty of the Motu.
The second time I went down the Motu, the experience I had gained should have been invaluable, but the guide on this journey was a Kiwi with a very soft voice. It seemed that it would not even be possible to hear his voice above the noise of the rapids.
As we approached the first rapid, he never even raised his voice. He did not attempt to take command of us or the river. Gently and quietly he felt the mood of the river and watched every little whirlpool. There was no drama and no shouting. There was no contest to be won.
We sped through each rapid with grace and beauty and, after a day, the river had become our friend, not our
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enemy. The quiet Kiwi was not our leader, but only the person whose sensitivity was more developed than our own. Laughter replaced the tension of achievement.
Soon the quiet Kiwi was able to lean back and let all of us take turns as leader. A quiet nod was enough to draw attention to the things our lack of experience prevented us from seeing. If we made a mistake, then we laughed and it was the next person’s turn.
We began to penetrate the mystery of the Motu, and like the quiet Kiwi, we listened to the river and we looked carefully for all those things we had not even noticed the first time.
At the end of the journey, we had overcome nothing except ourselves. We did not want to leave behind our friend, the river. There was no contest, and so nothing had been won. Rather we had become one with the river.
It is difficult to believe that the external circumstances of the two journeys were similar. The difference was in an attitude and a flame of mind. At the end of the first journey, it seemed that there could be no other way. Given the opportunity to choose a leader, everyone would have chosen someone like Buzz. At the end of the second journey, we had glimpsed a very different vision and we felt humble—and intensely happy. 41. In the first journey, the author ______. A. felt puzzled at the mystery of the Motu B. felt safe about the journey with the guide, Buzz C. was quite reluctant to be under Buzz’s leadership D. was quite depressed by Buzz’s dominant personality 42. It can be inferred from the first journey that ______. A. powerful people can overcome all difficulties B. human beings are superior to everything in nature C. the Motu had been taken as an enemy to fight against D. the Motu had never been conquered by human beings
43. Which of the following can best replace the word “penetrate” in Paragraph 10? A. admire B. understand C. realize D. appreciate 44. At the end of the second journey, the author ______. A. felt a little bit disappointed B. decided to come again in the future
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C. could hardly tear himself away from the river D. had established a close relationship with the guide
45. The author tales to impress his readers with the emphasis on ______. A. the unique features of the Motu B. the risk-taking spirit of travellers C. the importance of a qualified guide D. the harmonious relationship with nature
Passage 2
Any dog owner will tell you that dogs are compassionate and can sense human emotions. But a new study suggests that dogs’ emotions are closer to ours than once thought. According to the study, along with the most basic emotions—anger, fear—dogs also feel a simple form of envy. The study is the first to demonstrate that animals other than humans experience envy, which has
long been considered an emotion that requires self-consciousness. Maybe that behavior is not uniquely human.
To reveal this behaviour, scientists at the University of Vienna put together pairs of domestic dogs, each accompanied by an experimenter. Both dogs in each pair were given commands to place their paws in the experimenter’s hands, and when they obeyed, they were given a reward—a piece of bread or sausage. But when one dog wasn’t given a reward for obeying, and the other dog in the room was, the unrewarded dog would refuse to respond to the repeated commands. The scientists measured the dogs’ responses by how many times they had to prompt the unrewarded dog before it obeyed.
The dogs’ reaction to the unfair distribution of rewards is called “inequity aversion”—-when an animal acts to stop perceived inequalities within its social group—and it is a defining characteristic of social, or cooperative, species. “They wanted the same reward for the same work,” says Paul Morris, a scientist in psychology. Morris is quick to explain that the study’s results aren’t anthropomorphic: “I’m not saying that dog jealousy is precisely like human jealousy.” Instead, he says, the dogs likely experienced a primitive form of envy.
Emotions are a result of evolution: they cause organisms to act in ways that enable their survival. Jealousy, for instance, improves an animal’s chance of survival by promoting it to protect its mates and secure
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alliances for safety. Historically, science has separated emotions into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary emotions such as fear and anger are considered universal, while it is thought that secondary emotions such as envy, jealousy and guilt require more complex cognitive processes. That is, envy is not a very simple emotion.
Most dog lovers don’t need a study to tell them that their pets are capable of feeling more complex emotions. They are probably thinking, “Of course,” because they’ve already found that their dogs clearly have a sense of fair play and justice. Their dogs also demonstrate guilt when they found empty food wrappers on the kitchen counter and asked who did it. Immediately the dogs’ tails went between their legs, and they had this really sheepish expression on their faces. They knew they weren’t supposed to do that. They also behave jealously when their ownerspay attention to other dogs.
But while the study may be stating the obvious to dog owners, researchers say this particular breakthrough helps the research on animal cognition. “The argument has always been that the reason why chimps can do really sophisticated stuff is because they’re almost like people,” Morris says. But “when you have other organisms doing these sophisticated things, it challenges our models.”
The study also lends weight to the concerns of animal rights and welfare activists. “The more we understand about what animals actually experience, or what they feel, the better we can judge what we do to them,” Morals says. So it’s good news for animal lovers that Man’s Best Friend is the jealous type. 46. It has long been believed that animals like dogs ______. A. do not have the sense of guilt B. have a simple form of jealousy C. do not have self-consciousness D. have the feeling of compassion
47. The purpose of the experiment at the University of Vienna was to ______. A. show dogs’ response to rewards B. test dogs’ sense of cooperation C. demonstrate dogs’ emotion of envy D. measure dogs’ refusal of commands
48. The word “anthropomorphic” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______. A. like human B. like animal C. intricate D. indefinite
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49. According to the general understanding, secondary emotions ______. A. lead to less difficult evolution process B. result from more sophisticated social behaviour C. are more necessary for survival than primary emotions D. are less common among animals other than human beings
50. “Man’s Best Friend is the jealous type” is good news because ______. A. it makes human beings feel less guilty B. it indicates that animals also have fights C. it helps improve people’s treatment of animals D. it proves that dogs are superior to other animals V. WORD DERIVATION
Complete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word derived from the one(s) given in brackets. Write your word on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all)
51. The young speaker smiled to the audience ________ as he walked into the lecture hall. (humble) 52. When I replied that I did not have any aptitude for salesmanship, she turned her eyes away from me, greatly ________ . (disappoint)
53. After they had worked a few miracles, their imagination increased, and their ambition ________ . (large)
54. My mother believed that I was blessed with a rare ________ to make something of myself. (determine) 55. Alex was almost ________ with anger and despair when our team lost the game. (speech) 56. The local government gained ________ control of the area after the UN peace-keeping forces left. (effect)
57. What caused the ________ of the first world war? (break, out)
58. Some newspapers often fail to respect pop icons' right to ________ . (private)
59. The homeless child was once treated as a ________ by the owner of a restaurant in the town. (beg) 60. The airport control tower kept postponing the ________ of our plane, which annoyed us greatly. (depart)
VI. SENTENCE TRANSLATION
Translate the following sentences into English and write your sentenceson the answer sheet. (3 points each, 15 points in all)
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6 1．我的计算机肯定有问题了，今天我得请人把它修好。 62．现今，看来人们普遍希望消除贫困。 63．我猜想你们俩从没有见过面，是吧?
64．他们成功地将这个探险故事卖给了一家日报。
65．把中国建设成为强大的社会主义国家是历史赋予中国青年的使命。 Ⅶ. WRITING
Write a composition on the answer sheet in about 150 words, basing yourself on one of the texts you have learned. (15 points)
Topic: Follow the ideas in “Culture Shock” by Oberg, write for a group of students who are going to
study abroad to prepare them for the culture shock. You can use this outline:
1. Briefly explain the causes of culture shock. 2. Explain the four stages of culture shock. 3. Express wishes for the students.
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