简单题
1. constitutional monarchy
2. 1642 civil war
The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (\principally, the manner of its government.
The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London was the closest Royalist forces came to threatening the city.
3. English reformation
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. These events were, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity across all of Europe during this period.
英国的宗教改革是一系列在16世纪由英国教会脱离了教皇和罗马天主教的权威而引起的活动。这些事件，在某种程度上与欧洲宗教改革息息相关。在此期间受影响的基督教席卷全欧洲的实践宗教和政治运动的更广泛的进程。 4. Glorious revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the
overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarianswith the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, in conjunction with the documentation of the Bill of Rights 1689.
光荣革命,也称为1688年革命,推翻王英格兰詹姆士二世苏格兰和爱尔兰詹姆斯二世(James七世)联盟的英语国会议员与荷兰总督威廉三世的Orange-Nassau(威廉。奥兰治)。威廉的成功入侵英格兰与荷兰舰队和军队导致他提升英语的宝座英格兰的威廉三世与妻子共同英国玛丽二世结合的文档1689年人权法案.
5. Collegiate system in Oxbridge
？
6. The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses is a war of two descendants of King Edward Ⅲ: Lancaster and York family supporters to compete for the throne of England occurred intermittent civil war.
the war eventually ended by the marriage of Henry vii and Elizabeth of york, and ended the French plantagenet rule in England, Opens the new rule of the welsh Tudor dynasty. Also mark the end of the medieval period in England and move on to a new Renaissance.
蔷薇战争是英王爱德华三世的两支后裔:兰开斯特家族和约克家族的支持
者为了争夺英格兰王位而发生断续的内战。
战争最终以兰开斯特家族的亨利七世与约克的伊丽莎白联姻为结束，也结
束了法国金雀花王朝在英格兰的统治，开启了新的威尔士人都铎王朝的统治。 也标记着在英格兰中世纪时期的结束并走向新的文艺复兴时代。 7. Norman Conquest
To the duke of Normandy, William (1028 ~ 1028), led by the French feudal lords conquest of Britain, it accelerate the process of feudalism. 8. Anglo-Saxon invasion
They constantly between the 3 to 5 century invaded Britain, established some of the kingdom, they brought the language and the law to British. both them and the seed of roma immigrants, the celtics, constitute the ancestors of modern British
9. Henry II
He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet and ruled it for 35 years. He was the most powerful ruler in Europe in his time. He ruled all the land between Scotland and Spain. Henry II made a series of reforms to strengthen his power. He reformed the courts and introduced the system of common low, which still operated in moderated from England and also influenced American legal system. 10. Tower of London
The Tower of London is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat.
(二)论述题
1. What is Feudalism, and what’s your opinion of the impacts of Magna Carta and Hundred
Years’ War on Feudalism in England.
封建制度是以封建性质的封建主阶级占有土地剥削农民(或农奴)剩余劳动为基础的社会制度。其基本剥削形式是封建地租，农民(或农奴)耕种封建地主的土地绝大部分产品作为地租被封建主剥夺。上层建筑主要是以等级制为特点的封建制国家。占统治地位的意识形态是以维护封建剥削制度和封建等级制，宣扬封建道德为主要内容。在封建制度下，社会基本的对立阶级是封建主和农民(或农奴)阶级 2. Why at last do you think French won the Hundred Years’ War?
1英格兰国力远不如法兰西，法国的人口是英国的四倍，赋税收入是英国的三倍。英国的后勤补给一直是问题，战线一拉长就吃不消。 2英国内斗，并且影响对前线的支援。
3法国从盖克兰，查五到查七，杜若瓦，亚瑟德里奇蒙的军事改革与战术进步。火炮在法军中也得到应用。 4勃艮第与法国议和。
5且不论贞德自身的军事能力如何，贞德对法军胜利的影响应该是巨大的。首先是团结了法国军民，而其宗教的力量在团结法兰西的同时也给英军带来震慑。而贞德绝对是一个具有代表性的人物。如同特立威廉所说，百年战争的前期对于法国民众来说只是无聊的王朝战争，贞德作为一个农家女参战，说明了百年战争到了后期，已成了关乎每一个法国百姓的民族战争。
3. what’s the major function of UK’s parliament and please your comments on the similarities
and differences between UK parliament and US congress.
4. Why industrial revolution first started in Britain?
5. Please compare and contrast Elizabethan era and Victorian age.
PS：论述题实在太多了就直接上截图了，大家记下要点看着诌点吧
PPS：部分简答题答案来自于百度百科与Wikipedia，其余参考课本。第五题不会，翻译
源自Google我实在是不会翻W(￣_￣)W
最后上张图预祝大家高分通过！