5) 一般用第三人称转述； 6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄； 7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子； 8) 保证无语法错误; 3.说明文Summary 的教学步骤 第一步通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。 第二步小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。 第三步根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon? 例题精讲 高三一模说明文 1. 崇明区 Gene Therapy ―We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,‖ said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的) biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease. In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into defective (有缺陷的) cells to prevent or cure disease. While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit of the therapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destroy the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life. Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when tested six months later. Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its treatment. But more research is needed to assure its safety. 【范文】Gene therapy, which prevents or cures disease by inserting healthy genes into defective cells rather than by means of surgery or medicine(2), is changing the treatment of disease revolutionarily(1). Though in the initial phases, gene therapy has been successful(4) in treating both children and older patients with genetic disease(3). However, more research is called for to ensure its security(5). 2. 松江区 Now another American education icon may be disappearing: the hardbound textbook. More and more school districts are replacing traditional textbooks with electronic ones. Electronic textbooks are usually accessed either through an online server or are downloaded to student laptops. In North Texas, Plano and Irving schools are introducing e-books into a few classrooms, and Lancaster school officials also are considering them. But no local district appears to be going as far as Forney. The district most likely would 11 / 18
be the first in the state to use e-books in every classroom for grades five to twelve. Officials point out several reasons for turning to e-books. For one, they are easier to update. Thus the publishers are able to find ways to do online textbooks and they can go back and change information. Using e-books will better prepare students for college and the workplace. Rapid district growth is another reason. The number of the students in the district is expected to double within five years. It‘s difficult to know textbook needs in advance and some students wait months for their books. But e-books can be uploaded onto a ―blank‖ laptop in a few hours. Cost may eventually be a deciding cause for choosing e-books, but there are no big savings yet. Even if they get it electronically, they still have to pay for the book because they‘re buying the instructional material. That may change as more and more districts move toward e-books. Today‘ students have little trouble adjusting to laptops and e-books, said Connie Cooley, who has taught at the Academy of Irving ISD for five years. But she said it could worry teachers. ―It‘s harder for people who are right around my age and older.‖ said Ms. Cooley, 36. ―I‘m laptop-savvy, so I was ready for it, but those that aren‘t are a little worrying. 【范文】More and more schools in America choose e-textbooks. That‘s because it‘s easy to update e-textbooks. Besides, with rapid district growth, it‘s difficult to know the exact number of students, so some of them have to wait months before textbooks arrive. Finally, adjusting to e-books may help to reduce cost. However, it worries some old teachers. (55 words) 小结： 1. 说明文：掌握举例、分类、比较等各种说明方法；在口头或书面表达中运用恰当的说明方法进行介绍或描述 为了解释一个理论或一项实验等；需要找到 主要信息：理论-创新之处和实际用途；实验-目的、过程、对象 掌握写作特点和框架：phenomenon/problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。 总结： 一．解题技巧 1 长句压缩 2 词组称王 3 概括优先 4 最短连词 12 / 18
可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果 二．写作原则 1 内容必须忠于原文，不能有任何个人观点 2 内容须涵盖文中所有主要信息，非主要信息不能写入文中 3 不能照抄原文句子，即需要用自己的话转述原文内容（核心概念除外） 4 句与句之间需注意衔接 三．实战演练 （A）说明文 With global warming and melting ice, it isn‘t easy being a polar bear anymore. Some studies have predicted that polar bears could die out by the end of the century. The good news is not all researchers think the bears are absolutely disappearing. Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History(AMNH) have published a new paper indicating that things might not be as bad for polar bears as some scientists expect. To understand the reason for the researchers‘ cautious optimism, we must first understand the factors that are threatening the polar bear‘s existence. Polar bears consume a diet of mainly young seals. In order to hunt these seals, polar bears need to rest at the top of sea ice---the same ice that is increasingly melting for most of the year thanks to climate change. In another 50 years, experts expect that the Arctic will be too warm for sea ice to form for half of the year, leaving polar bears without a reliable food source and in serious danger of starvation. As it turns out, alternative food sources for the polar bears aren‘t completely out of the question. For as long as biologists have tailed after the animals, they‘ve seen polar bears eating animals found on land like caribou(驯鹿) and snow geese---as well as the snow geese‘s eggs. Can polar bears actually survive off these alternative food sources for long periods of time? To figure this out, researchers calculated the nutrients that a caribou and snow geese diet would provide. They found that even adult male polar bears would be able to obtain more calories than [they would burn in hunting these meals. Moreover, the food would ]网科*学:源来provide the food Znecessary to avoid starvation during the summer months. ]KX. Unfortunately, not all polar bears have tended to seek food on land. That said, the researchers expect that necessity 13 / 18
would push more polar bears to hunt on land to avoid starvation. They also expect that the bears could learn from their fellow bears how to hunt on land until the practice becomes second nature. 【答案】 With global warming and melting ice, some scientists think that polar bears could die out by the end of the century. However, other scientists don‘t think so. They have found polar bears have found alternative food sources and they can survive by hunting animals on land instead of young seals. The researchers expect all polar bears learn how to hunt on land to avoid starvation.（65） 【解析】 试题分析：题目要求根据所给内容，写一篇60词左右的内容概要。题目主要考查学生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及总结概括能力。熟练掌握从句、非谓语动词等语法知识，对遣词造句也有很大帮助。 亮点说明：参考答案的前两句是对文章主旨大意的概括，后两句是对第二三四段的总结。北极熊找到了新的食物，但并非所有的北极熊都会去陆地上捕猎。为了避免饿死，这是北极熊应该学会的。 考点：应用文写作 （B）说明文 Could fast food make it harder to stop and smell the roses? A new study from the University of Toronto suggests that fast food might make it harder to stop and smell the roses. Researchers pointed out that Americans have gained more and more leisure time, yet they aren't any happier. The problem could be that modern conveniences make us more impatient, and therefore less able to appreciate small moments of joy. To test the theory, the University of Toronto out a few carried out three different tests focused on happiness and quintessentially American ―symbols of the culture of impatience‖ and happiness. In one of the tests, researchers told 257 people to rate pictures based on whether they were suitable for ads. Participants saw a series of pictures: One group saw fast food in regular packaging while the other group saw the same food set out on ceramic Tableware. Afterward, some of the participants were shown photographs of ―scenic natural beauty‖ and then were asked to rate their happiness. Others rated their happiness without seeing the pictures. They found that people who saw the fast food before viewing the nature photos tended to rate their happiness lower. Yet those who simply rated their happiness without seeing the nature shots beforehand were actually slightly happier if they‘d seen fast food ahead of time. Researchers said that suggests fast food doesn‘t directly cause unhappiness but hampers the ability to enjoy things. Researchers cautioned, however, that much more research was needed to determine exactly how fast food and happiness are correlated and how strong the relationship really is. 14 / 18 KEY： A new study shows fast food will affect people‘s ability to appreciate food, making them less happy. Researchers based their conclusion on some tests. In one of them, the participants who saw pictures of nature beauty after being shown fast food have lower happiness than those who didn‘t. But research still thought further research was needed. （60字） 抓住研究内容，研究过程，研究总结的逻辑 四．强化训练 （A） Office Gossip Do you take part in office gossip? I don't like to think of myself as a gossip, but I have to admit I often do it In my turbulent industry，I justify my behavior -perhaps wrongly -by reasoning that gossip helps me get information and figure out what is going on. Amid a rise in office gossip，researchers are disagreeing over whether it is fundamentally good or bad. Some defend it as a way of building bonds among people and sharing essential information. But others hold that office gossip can be savage and destructive, as the New York Times reports. At one company, PrintingForLess.com, which has a strict no-gossip policy, gossiping about colleagues can become a firing offense. In one case analyzed in a scholarly journal, middle school teachers' gossip about their principal became so poisonous that the principal retaliated, many teachers fled the schoo1 and students' test scores declined. In this case, gossip amounted to \ On the other hand, less malignant gossip that stops short of repeating lies or breaching confidences can serve as a source of understanding, Gossip helps us analyze the motivations of other people, and enables those low on the food chain, in particular, to understand how power is used in their organizations, says this New York Times article. It is relaxing, it brings people together, and as a pastime it beats gambling, drinking or doing drugs，this reasoning holds. For me, I have seen gossip help co-workers in some places where I have worked, giving rise to compassion (同情) or offers of support when someone is going through hard times. On the other hand, I have also seen gossip over an office romance, for example, distract people from the work and even force unwanted transfers. 15 / 18