Unit Two 中国美食
Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture, which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world.中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线,这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before.当今,烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants, while today there are over 100,000 restaurants of different sizes in the city. 10年前,北京只有几千家餐馆,而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内
Regional Chinese Cuisines地方美食It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of Chinese based on regional cooking.众所周知,明朝以来出现了八大菜系They came from Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces.分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes, as almost every place has its own local specialties, and as the different cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.除了这些传统菜系,中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化:每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜,不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市
Sichuan, known as Nature's Storehouse, is also a storehouse of cuisine.被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都Here, each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare.在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spices used are quite different.川菜的原料虽简单,但调料却大有讲究Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food, yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily , distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines.川菜以口味辣著称,但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系,比如湖南菜和贵州菜What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds, the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one's tongue and mouth.川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用,尝过花椒之后,人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉Besides this unique spice, Sichuan dishes are usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper.除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料Using fermented bean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods.因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world.如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎In recent years, there have appeared many more renowned restaurants specializing in Sichuan cuisine, such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant.近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆,比如谭鱼头
Guangdong Province is located in southern China, with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round.广东省在中国南部,全年气候温和,物产丰富As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade, the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine.它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一,广东的餐饮文化独具特色,对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes.广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称Various soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country.广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。
Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River.浙江菜口味清淡,精致玲珑,是长江下游区域菜肴的代表One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature.西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜,这道菜鲜美,酥嫩,带着自然的清香Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as in other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜,但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正,因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水
Every Dish Has a Story 每道菜都有一段故事The names of Chinese dishes are diverse, but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular.中国菜名五花八门,而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事,说明它如何博得人们的喜爱A good name can make the dish more interesting; however, some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people, both Chinese and foreigners.一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思;但有些菜名太怪异了,听起来让人一头雾水,不要说外国人难以理解,就是中国人往往也不是很清楚If you only translate the names literally with no explanation, you could make a fool of yourself.你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来
Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example.拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧These popular buns are all of
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the same size and handmade.“狗不理”纯手工制作,大小均等,深受欢迎When served in neat rows on a tray, they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers.这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时,看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花The wrapping is thin, the fillings are juicy, the meat, tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy.皮儿很薄,馅儿饱蘸肉汁,口感柔软,香而不腻Then, why the name?可为什么叫狗不理呢?
Goubuli steamed buns were first sold in Tianjin out 150 years ago.大约150年前,狗不理包子在天津初次亮相A local man by the name of Gouzi (Dog) worked as an apprentice in a shop selling baozi (steamed buns).当地有个小伙子,名叫狗子,在一家包子店当学徒Because his buns were so delicious, he soon had a thriving business with more and more people coming to buy his buns.他做的包子味道鲜美,因此生意十分红火,吸引了越来越多的顾客As hardworking as Gouzi was, he could not keep up with demand so his customers often had to wait a long time to be served.狗子工作十分卖力,可他还是满足不了大家的需要,顾客们只得等很长时间Impatient, some people would call out to urge him on, but as he was so busy preparing the buns, he didn't answer.有些顾客等得不耐烦了,就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点,可狗子忙着做包子呢,哪有时间搭理People therefore came to call his buns Goubuli, meaning \后来人们就把他做的包子称作狗不理,意思是狗子不搭理他们This eccentric name, however, has had very good promotional effects, and has been used ever since.可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字,反倒起了很好的广告作用,这个名字一直沿用到了今天Goubuli is now a time-cherished brand name in Tianjin.如今狗不理已经成为天津的老字号。
In Zhejiang cuisine, there is a well-known dish called Dongpo Meat.浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜,叫东坡肉This dish of streaky pork is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion, ginger cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar.这道菜是把五花肉切成大块,配上青葱,在锅底放些生姜,然后加料酒,酱油和糖用慢火做出来的The finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and, like the Goubuli buns, not at all greasy.这道菜色泽红亮,酥嫩多汁,如狗不理一样毫无肥腻之感This dish was named after Su Dongpo , a great poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, who created it when he was an official in Hangzhou.它以北宋时代大诗人苏东坡的名字命名,苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜It is said that, when he was in charge of the drainage work for the West Lake, Su Dongpo rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it Dongpo Meat, to commemorate this gifted and generous poet.据说,他当时负责西湖的排污工程,经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人,后来为了纪念这位才华横溢,慷慨大方的诗人,人们就把它称作东坡肉
Fujian cuisine boasts a famous dish called Buddha Jumping over the Wall, the number one dish of the province.佛跳墙是福建菜里的一道名菜,亦被称作福建第一菜All these ingredients are placed into a ceramic pot, with cooking wine and chicken broth, and then cooked over a slow fire until the meat is tender and juicy and the soup becomes smooth and thick.所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里,加上料酒和鸡汤后,用文火炖,一直炖到肉汁鲜美,柔润细腻,汤味浑厚It is famous for leaving a lingering aftertaste in the mouth.轻舔一口,余香满口The story behind the name of the specialty goes as follows:这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事
Buddha Jumping over the Wall was created in a restaurant called Gathering Spring Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, during the reign of the Qing Emperor, Guangxu.佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的It was named Eight Treasures Stewed in a Pot and the name was later changed to blessing and Longevity.早先菜名为八珍锅,而后改为福寿全One day, several scholars carne to Gathering Spring Garden for a meal.一日,几位秀才到聚春园饮酒When the dish was served, one of the scholars improvised a poem: \and the Buddha Jumps the wall, abandoning the Zen precepts” Hence the name of the dish!菜上桌时,其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻,佛闻弃禅跳墙来。”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来
Warmth and Hospitality Expressed by Food 食物传达的温馨和盛情In the eyes of Chinese, what is important about eating, especially at festivals, is to eat in a warm atmosphere.在中国人看来,吃最重要的,尤其在过节时,莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛Often the young and old still sit in order of seniority, and the elders select food for the young while the young make toasts to the elders.吃饭时,年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好,长辈为晚辈夹菜,晚辈给长辈敬酒Chinese people like to create a lively, warm, and harmonious atmosphere during meals.营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛
A hostess or host in China will apportion the best parts of the dishes to guests.在中国,主人会把最好的莱分给客人Using a pair of serving chopsticks, she or he places the best part of a steamed fish or the most tender piece of meat on the plate of the most important guest.他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾Such a custom is still popular, especially among the elder generation, as a way of expressing respect, concern and hospitality.这种习俗用来表达尊敬、关
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怀和好客之意,至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行
Such culinary customs have had a certain influence on the character of the Chinese people.这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响In a sense, it has strengthened the collective spirit of the nation.从某种意义上说,它增强了人们的集体主义精神At a party or a banquet, everyone first takes into consideration the needs of the group; with the eating process also being a time to show humility and concern for others.无论在聚会还是在宴席上,人们首先考虑大家的需求,把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合
In China, food eaten during festivals is particularly important. At different festivals, people partake of different fare.中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么,不同的节日吃不同的食物For example, on the eve of the Spring Festival, people in the north always eat. jiaozi, meat and vegetable dumplings, at family reunions. This is a way of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the New Year.比如除夕夜全家团圆时,北方人吃肉饺或菜饺,象征辞旧迎新The Lantern Festival is a day of celebration, and on this day people like to eat yuanxiao, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour, to symbolize family reunion and perfection.元宵节吃元宵,元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子,象征家庭团圆、美满At the Duanwu Festival, people eat zongzi, glutinous rice wrapped in triangular shape in reed leaves, to commemorate the beloved poet Qu Yuan, who drowned himself in the Miluo River after being politically wronged.端午节吃粽子,人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原,屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江Legend has it that people at the time threw zongzi into the river in the hope that the dragon would not take him away.传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中,希望水中的龙不要带走他 This later gradually developed into a custom of making and eating zongzi during the Duanwu Festival.之后,端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了
Unit Three 《哈利波特》风行之迷
J. K. Rowling swears she never saw it coming.J.K.罗琳发誓说自己从来没有过这种预想In her wildest dreams, she didn't think her Harry Potter books would appeal to more than a handful of readers.她做梦也没有想到会有那么多人对她的书感兴趣\obviously.It strikes a chord with an enormous number of people.\“我从来没有指望过有这么多人喜欢它”在最近的一次访谈中她仍然这样说,“可是,很显然,我大错特错了,它在许多人心中产生了共鸣”她说得很委婉With 35 million copies in print, in 35 languages, the first three Harry Potter books have earned a conservatively estimated $480 million in three years.《哈利波特》系列丛书的前三册被翻译成了35种语言,已出版3500万册,据保守估计,这三册书在三年时间里已经赚了四亿八千万美金And that was just the warm-up.而这还只是个开始With a first printing of 5.3 million copies and advance orders topping 1.8 million, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth installment of the series, promises to break every bookselling record.《哈里波特》系列丛书的第四册《哈利波特与火焰杯》初版530万册,加上高达180万册的订单,有望创造新的畅销书销售记录Jack Morrissey, 12, plainly speaks for a generation of readers when he says, \岁的杰克·莫里西的话很清楚地表达了他们这一代读者的想法,他说：“《哈利波特》就如同生活,但比生活更美好。”
Amazingly, Rowling keeps her several plotlines clear of each other until the end, when he deftly brings everything together in a cataclysmic conclusion.让人称奇的是,罗琳让每一册书的情节相互独立,但最后她却能够巧妙地把它们衔接起来,形成一个意想不到的结局For pure narrative power, this is the best Potter book yet.单从叙述能力而言《哈利波特与火焰,杯》也是《哈利波特》系列丛书中最好的一本
When the book finally went on sale at 12:01 am. Saturday, thousands of children in Britain and North America rushed to claim their copies.当这本书终于在星期六午夜12：01面市时,在英国和北美,成千上万的孩子争相购买Bookstores hosted pajama parties, hired magicians and served cookies and punch, but nobody needed to lift the spirits of these crowds.书店举办了睡衣派对,邀请了一些魔术师表演,并提供曲奇饼和潘趣酒,可是没人需要这些,因为人们个个情绪高涨In one case, customers made such a big, happy noise that neighbors called the cops.有一次,顾客们发出了巨大的欢呼声,以致邻居们实在难以忍受而报了警At a Borders in Charlotte, N.C., Erin Rankin, 12, quickly thumbed to the back as soon as she got her copy. “I heard that a_ major character dies, and I really want to find out who,\在美国北卡罗来纳州的夏洛特市“边界”连锁书店,12岁的艾琳·兰金一拿到书就快速翻到最后一页,“我听说有一个主角死了,我真的很想知道是谁”她说But minutes later she gave up. “I just can't do it. I can't read the end first.\但是几分钟后她放弃了“我,做不到，我不能先看书的结尾。”
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The only sour note in all the songs of joy over this phenomenon has come from some parents and conservative religious leaders who say Rowling advocates witchcraft.在对“哈利波特”现象的一路欢歌中,出现的唯一一个不和谐音符来自干一些父母和保守的宗教领袖,他们认为罗琳在宣扬巫术Reading of the books has been challenged in 25 school districts in at least 17 states, and the books have been banned in schools in Kansas and Colorado.至少在17个州的25所学校校区内,阅读《哈利波特》受到了质疑,而在堪萨斯州和科罗拉多州的学校里,《哈利波特》系列丛书则被明令禁止But that's nothing new, says Michael Patrick Hearn, a children's book scholar and editor of The Annotated Wizard, of Oz. \of magic is considered evil by some people,\he says. \Wizard of Oz was attacked by fundamentalists in the mid-1980s.\但是作为儿童图书专家和《绿野仙踪》的编辑,迈克尔·帕特里克·赫恩觉得这并不奇怪,“无论何种魔法都会被有些人视为邪恶，”他说“《绿野仙踪》就曾经在80年代中期遭到正统派基督教徒们的抨击。”
But perhaps the most curious thing about the Potter phenomenon, especially given that it is all about books, is that almost no one has taken the time to say how good—or bad—these books are.但是对于“哈利波特”现象最让人感到好奇的事情可能是几乎没有人会花时间去讨论这些书有多好或者多糟,尤其是当这些评论仅仅涉及书本身的时候The other day my 11-year-old daughter asked me if I thought Harry Potter was a classic.有一天,11岁的女儿问我是否认为《哈利波特》是经典之作I gave her, I'm afraid, one of those adult-sounding answers when I said, \will tell.\This was not an outright lie.我给出了一个恐怕听起来十分成人化的回答,“时间会证明一切的”这不能算是一个彻头彻尾的谎言 There's no telling which books will survive from one generation to the next.因为谁也没有办法预测有哪一本书能够代代相传But the fact is, I was hedging.但事实上,我在闪烁其词What my daughter really wanted to know was how well J. K. Rowling stacks up against the likes of Robert Louis Stevenson or Madeleine L'Engle.我女儿真正想知道的是：与罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森和马德琳·英格这一类人相比较,罗琳到底有多棒
I could have told her that I thought they were beautifully crafted works of entertainment, the literary equivalent of Steven Spielberg.我本可以告诉她我认为这些书是精心构思的通俗作品,是堪比史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格之电影的文学作品I could also have told her I thought the Potter books were derivative.本来我还可以告诉她我认为《哈利波特》系列丛书没有什么新意They share so many elements with so many children's classics that sometimes it seems as though Rowling had assembled her novels from a kit.它们与众多儿童经典作品有太多相似之处,所以有时候会给读者一种感觉,仿佛罗琳组装编织了这些故事However, these novels amount to, much more than just the sum of their parts.但是,这些故事绝对不仅仅是各个部分的简单相加The crucial aspect of their appeal is that they can be read by children and adults with equal pleasure.它们如此受欢迎的关键之处就在于无论是大人还是小孩都能够从阅读中获得乐趣Only the best authors—and they can be as different as Dr. Seuss and Philip Pullman\—can pull that off. 只有最好的作家—他们能够与苏斯博士和菲利普·普尔曼,当然还有罗琳一样与众不同—才能够做到这一点
P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, \imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for—if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins.It is all endless and all one.《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟至极,她写到“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书,坦白地说,因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束,而成人期又是什么时候开始的,它们相互连接,浑然一体”There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling's books, starting with their language.在罗琳的书中,从语言开始,就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent.也许她文风朴实,但是她给人和物取名的方式显示了独特的原创才能
The best writers remember what it is like to be a child with astonishing intensity.优秀作家关注孩子特点的能力达到惊人的程度Time and again, Rowling articulates just how defenseless even the bravest children often feel.罗琳不只一次地清楚表达出,即便是最勇敢的孩子也经常会表现得那么无助Near the end of the second book Dumbledore, the wise and protective headmaster, is banished from Hogwarts. This terrifies Harry and his schoolmates—\had spread as never before\—and it terrified me.在《哈利波特》(二)中,当那位智慧的,对学生呵护有加的魔法学校校长邓布利多被驱逐出霍格华兹时,哈利和他的同学们都感到恐惧万分“邓布利多走了，前所未有的恐惧蔓延开来”And in all of Rowling's books there runs an undercurrent of sadness and loss.而这也让我很害怕,在罗琳所有的书中都流淌着一种潜在的伤感与迷失In the first book the orphaned Harry stares into the Mirror of Erised, which shows the viewer his or her utmost desires. Harry sees his dead parents.在《哈利波特》(一)中,变成孤儿的哈利盯着那面能够说出每个人内心深处愿望的厄里斯魔镜看,他看见了逝去的双亲\
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entirely- entirely- from how I felt about my mother's death,\means, I would say, is one of the central themes in all seven books.\“直到我自己重读我写过的东西,我才意识到这个情节完完全全来自于我对于母亲去世的感觉,”罗琳说“事实上,我可以说,死亡,丧亲之痛以及死亡意味着什么是所有这七册书的中心主题之一”Do young readers pick up on all this deep intellectualism? Consciously, perhaps not.而年轻的读者们能够领会这一份深刻的理性吗?也许不能自觉地做到这一点吧But I don't think the books would have their broad appeal if they were only exciting tales of magical adventure, and I know adults would not find them so enticing.但是我认为,如果这些书只是一些有关魔幻之旅的有趣的故事,那么它们就不可能有这么广泛的吸引力,而且我知道,那样的话成人就不会被它吸引
The Harry Potter books aren't perfect.《哈利波特》系列丛书不尽完美What I miss most in these novels is the presence of a great villain.在这些丛书中我最想看到的是一个绝妙的反面角色And by great villain I mean an interesting villain.我这里说的“绝妙的反面角色”是指“有趣的反面角色”Long. John Silver is doubly frightening because he is both evil and charming.因为高个子约翰·希尔弗既邪恶又迷人,所以他才让人更觉害怕If he were all Bad, he wouldn't frighten us half as much.如果他仅仅只是坏的话,他带给我们的恐怖感会减少一大半Voldemort is resistible precisely because he is just bad to the bone.伏地魔王让人抗拒就是因为他仅仅只是一个十足的坏蛋That said, I should add that in the new book Rowling outdoes herself with a bad guy so seductive you'll never see him coming. And he is scary.这么一说,我想在罗琳超越自己的这本新书中加上这样一个反面角色,这个角色是如此的有魅力,你是永远也见不到的,而且他相当令人恐惧 That quibble aside, Rowling’s novels are probably the best books children have ever encountered that haven't been thrust upon them by an adult.除了这些吹毛求疵的意见,罗琳的书可能是孩子们所接触到的最好的书,而且阅读这些书也不是家长强加的任务I envy kids reading these books, because there was nothing this good when I was a boy-nothing this good, I mean, that we found on our own, the way kids are finding Harry.我羡慕那些阅读这些书的孩子,因为在我还是个孩子的时候,可没有这么好的东西,我的意思是说,我们没有通过自己去发现有这么好的东西,不像现在的孩子,他们找到了哈利We affectionately remember The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew, but try rereading them and their charm fades away pretty quickly.我们深深地记着哈迪男孩和南茜·朱尔,但是当我们尝试着重新阅读这些角色的时候,他们的魅力很快就散去了Rowling may not be as magisterial as Tolkien or as quirky as Dahl, but her books introduce fledgling readers to a very high standard of entertainment.罗琳的书也许不如托尔金的书那么具有权威性,也不如达尔的作品那般跌宕起伏,但是她的书将涉世未深的读者带入了一个相当高的娱乐水准With three books left to go in the series, it's too early to pass final judgment.《哈利波特》系列丛书还有三册尚未出版,现在下定论还为时尚早But considering what we've seen so far, especially in the latest volume, Harry Potter has all the earmarks of a classic.但是,就目前我们看到的情况来看,特别是在最后一册《哈利波特》具备了经典作品的所有特征
Unit Four 爱和情感连系
Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival.爱,对于人类的生存是不可或缺的,它既是一种情感又是一种行为The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support.家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime.众所周知,缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题,如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病,这些病有时会伴随他们一生In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more.而对比之下,拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快,哭得少,而笑得多By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.到了五岁时,他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多
Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults.很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友,在学校的表现,如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况,以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin are so critical.正是因为这些原因,人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要 Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.在人情冷漠的环境中(如
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