3/28/2013 11
Lords and the House of Commons. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 议会的最重要的部分是上议院。 7. The Hundred Years’ War with France 百年战争 The war between France and England lasted from 1337 to 1453, during which there was the famous Black Death.
The causes of the war were partly territorial 领土的and partly economic. In 1337, Edward, the French King, declared a war that was to last for 100 years.
At first, the English were brilliantly successful. They won a great naval victory in 1340 and an equally decisive battle near Calais 加来(法国北部港市). But in 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. England was completely defeated in the war.
Black Death was an epidemic disease spread by the rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, which swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and without any cure. It killed one half of the population of England. 黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病.
It greatly reduced England’s population. At a result, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. 大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏 8. The Peasants Uprising of 1381
To fight against repression, 压制 armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, 艾塞克斯(英国英格兰东南部的郡) led by Watt Tyler 瓦特 泰勒and Jack Straw, moved on London in June 1381. On June 14, the king Richard II met the rebels and granted their demands. However, later many rebels were put to death and the Peasant Uprising was brutally suppressed. 镇压It had far-reaching significance in English history.
9. The War of Roses and the English Reformation 玫瑰战争&英国的宗教改革
On August 22, 1458 the last battle of the War of Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor. 都铎王朝 In the battle, Richard lost his crown and life and Henry Tudor (Henry VII) put the country under the rule of the Tudors. Five Tudor monarchs君主ruled England and achieved a lot.
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope and to make an independent Church of England. In 1535, Henry took the title Supreme Head of the Church of England.
The reign统治of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), a Protestant新教的Queen, was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism and England has been Protestant (新教) ever since.
Elizabeth I came into the throne宝座at the age 25 and reined the country for 45 years while remaining single. Elizabeth’s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.
10.The English Renaissance (文艺复兴, The humanistic 的人文主义revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.)
Renaissance was the transitional period between the middle Ages and modern times, covering the years 1350 to 1650. The renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change. It saw the challenge of supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church by Reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages
11
3/28/2013 12
of exploration and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.
The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 14th century and was typified by the universal genius of Leonard Da Vinci (达芬奇) and other artists.
The English renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama, which began to excel only in the last decade of the 16th century, and reached its height in the first 15 years of the 17th century.
Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴的特点
1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;
2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;
3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;
4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1）英国文化的复兴并不是直接通过古典作品，崦是通过受古典作品影响同时代的欧洲人实现的；2）英格兰作为一个与大陆隔离的国家，其社会历史进程很大程度上独立于欧洲其它国家；3）由于14世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，英国本国文学得以蓬勃发展，能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；4）英国文艺复兴文学首先是艺术的，其次才是哲学的和学术的；5）文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革在时间上有所交叉。
11. The Civil Wars
Only August 22, 1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles bade命令, 吩咐 all his supporters to join him, thus the First Civil War began (1642—1646). Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales. Parliament, on the other hand, derived its strong support from southeast England and London. The king’s men were called Cavaliers (保王党人,保皇党) and the supporters of Parliament were called Round-heads (圆颅党) because of their short haircut. In 1646, Charles gave himself up. 认输
In 1648, induced 劝诱, 促使, 导致by Charles who escaped from the army, the Scots rose under Hamilton and invaded England, but was defeated by Cromwell. Later, Charles was condemned 被宣告有罪to death and Cromwell became the most powerful man in England.
The English Civil War is called the Puritan Revolution, because the king’s opponents were mainly Puritan. It has been seen as a conflict between parliament and the King. The war not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe, which is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
12. The Restoration. 王朝复辟：1660年，在查理2世纪统治下的大不列颠君主立宪的复辟
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regime政权制度began to collapse. The parliament was elected in 1660 and resolved the crisis by asking the late King’s son as King Charles II to return from his long exile流放in France. It was called the Restoration. 王朝复辟：1660年，在查理2世纪统治下的大不列颠君主立宪的复辟
13. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命
In 1688, William of Orange landed at Torbay and marched upon London. This takeover 12
3/28/2013 13
was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, which became known as The Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights (1689) which excluded拒绝接纳any Roman catholic from the succession继任and confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy君主立宪政体began.
In 1702, Anne came to throne. It was during Anne’s reign that the name of Great Britain came into being when in 1707 the Act of Union united England and Scotland. 14. Whigs and Tories (辉格党&托利党)
The two parties’ names originated from The Glorious Revolution. Both were known by nicknames: Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers赶牲口的人and Tories an Irish word meaning thugs(暴徒, 凶手). The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom, which later developed into the Liberal Party. The Tories were those who supported hereditary世袭的, 遗传的monarchy and were the forerunners of Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today. 15. Enclosure 圈地运动
During the 18th century and early 19th century, the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title. A system of crop rotation was introduced. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery also made arable farming more efficient and more profitable.
Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century when war against France meant high food prices. The results of enclosure were as follows: 1, farms became bigger and bigger; 2 more vegetables, milk and dairy were consumed; 3, enclosure was a disaster for the tenants driven away from their lands. 16. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1848)
The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
Britain was the country to industrialize in the late 18th and early 19th century.
Population became increasingly concentrated in town. Changes occurred in textiles and other industries. The real evolution in textiles was in 1770 when power-driven machinery was introduced. John Kay’s flying shuttle (飞梭) speeded up hand weaving. James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine that could be applied to textile and other machinery. locomotives: 机车：一种自行推进的车辆，通常用电力或内燃机作动力
As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”. Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.
Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:
英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：
(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade; 优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧
洲与世界贸易；
(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods
13
3/28/2013 14
provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. 政治局面稳定。17世纪后的英
国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。
(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy. 1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权
力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对议会政策施加影响。
(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products. 英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources. 英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及
蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。
(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen. 英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。
(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped. 很可能利益于“放手干”及“新教工作道德”。
(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.
1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成关税联盟，1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此，全国市场不再受阴于内部的关税障碍。
(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. 圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了所需的一些原材料。
Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution 工业革命中一些重大创新
(1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733; 1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；
(2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766; 1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机； (3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769; 1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；
(4) Samuel Compton’s mule in 1779 1779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机； (5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784; 1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机； (6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765. 1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。 Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工业革命的结果
（1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; 英国成为了“世界工场”； （2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.
城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。
（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. 14
3/28/2013 15
机械化摧毁了不能投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在可怕的条件下劳动与生活。
（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。 17．The Chartist Movement (1836—1848) 宪章运动
There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act (改革法案) of 1832 and the New Poor Law (济贫法). In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They draw up a charter of political demands People’s Charter (宪章) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament.
Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with the trade-union.
The Chartist Movement, though failed, was the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems.
A People’s Charter 人民宪章
There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 1832年的《改革法案》和《新贫困法》引起
了普遍不满。1836年，一群技术工人和小店主组成伦敦工厂联盟。他们于1838年起草了有关政治要求的宪章（人民宪章），想把它呈送给议会。宪章有六点内容：（1）所有成年男子都有选举权；(2）进行无记名投票；（3）平等选区；（4）议员选举废除财产资格要求；（5）议员应有报酬；（6）议会每年六月进行大选。
Results of the Chartist Movement 宪章运动的结果。
Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.” 由于领导层的软弱和分歧，由于缺少与工会的协调，宪章
运动失败了。当时的工人阶级还未成熟，没有正确的革命理论武装的政党领导。但是，宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人阶级运动，引起了对许多严重问题的关注。在1858至1918年间，六项要求逐渐达到，尽管第六项从未成为现实。列宁说宪章运动是“第一个广泛的、真正群众参与的，有政治组织形式的无产阶级革命运动。”
18. Trade Unions and the Labour Party工会和工党
As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the importance of acting together, thus various working class organizations were formed. Most early trade unions were small and local. In 1833, the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was established. In 1868, the Trade Union Congress were 15