(nominative) as object (accusative and dative) me you him her it us you them books. The books are for us. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. I. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns. 1. yourself; 2. __You / We__ can’t always get what __you / we__ want. 3. you / one / we 4. it 5. We all ought to be more tolerant towards __one another____ . 6. They / We 7. myself 8. yourself 9. Someone’s at the door. Who can ___it___ be at this time? 10. I; We; They; us; They; it; we
2. Impersonal it vs. there
In many English sentences, you will find the word “it” or the word “there” in the subject position. These are usually “impersonal” sentences — sentences where there is no natural subject. Impersonal “it”
When to use it Talking about weather Identifying something Talking about time Examples It’s raining / cold / sunny. “Who is it?” “It’s me.” “What is it?” “It’s a cat.” “What time is it?” “It’s five o’clock.” “What day is it?” “It’s Thursday.”
Talking about distance
“How far is it to Toronto?” “It’s 4000 kilometers.”
Impersonal “there”
Impersonal “there” is used to say that something exists in a particular place: e.g. There is a book on the table. (singular) There are three men in the car. (plural) II.
There; there; there; There; There; It; there; There; It; there; There Page 176
III. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.
1. While flattered, …
2. I was wondering whether I should go upstairs or follow Mr. Maxim to the library. … whether to go upstairs or to follow …
3. Whenever possible, …
4. It is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated. … if left untreated.
5. … if ready.
6. Though no swimmer, …
7. Once you are over the pass, you will see the town below you. Once over the pass, …
8. Whether by accident or by design, … IV.
1. Once; 2. Though; 3. If; 4. when; 5. whether; 6. Unless; 7. Before; 8. After. V.
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. d; 7. d; 8. d. Page 178 Translation I.
1. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create激起欲望 them — and to create them faster than any man’s budget预算资金 can satisfy them.
广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。
2. They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching patriotism实践爱国主义, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles汽车 they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of变得厌倦 by the time the next year’s models were released发布、面世.
他们号召美国公众采取爱国行动，立即用他们并没有的钱去购买他们并不需要的汽车，而且要求他们在第二年的新款汽车问世之前就对它们厌倦。
3. Thoreau certainly disapproved of 不赞成starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.
梭罗无疑不赞同挨饿，但他花在食物上的精力只是为了让自己得以从事更重要的活动。
4. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is
the cardinal fact 最重要的事实that happiness is存在于 in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing揭示人生的, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.
倘若他们能预见到“幸福市场”的话，他们或许会强调这个至为重要的事实，即幸福存在于追求它的过程中，存在于追求值得用生命去追寻、揭示生命真谛的富有意义的过程中，换言之，幸福是一种过程。 II
1. 1935年10月，中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲，最后终于到达了陕北。（endure, make/ fight one’s way to） Translation:
In October, 1935, the Chinese Red Army, having endured all hardships and sacrifices, finally made / fought their way to the north of Shaanxi province.
2. 在经济危机中，政府发表了一个声明，号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品。（release, call upon）
Translation:
In the economic crisis, the government released a statement, calling upon the people to buy the local products as far / many as possible.
3. 世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能，恢复人类安全的自然环境。（harness, restore） Translation:
The politicians / statesmen in various countries are trying to harness nuclear energy and restore
the safe environment for the human race.
4．他没有听见门铃声，因为他正在聚精会神地工作。(rapt) He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.
5. 这个国家经常发生暴乱，一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象，另一方面则因为人民对腐败政
府固有的不信任。(inherent) This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as
people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.
6. 这位经济学家在作关于当前经济形势的报告时，在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场
危机的严重性。(underline) In his lecture on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of figures on the PPT to
underline the seriousness of the crisis.
7. 他笑着回答说，“不用谢。我做这件事不光是为了你，也是为了我自己。”（as much as） Translation:
He answered with a smile, “Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.”
8. 评价一个人，并不看他说了什么，而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么。(measure)
A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people. Page 179 I.
Dictation
Wealth achieved through dishonest means / does not bring happiness. / Lottery winnings do not bring happiness. / Wealth left by parents / does not bring happiness. / In fact, / money alone is almost worthless. / If you have both self-esteem and money, / you may be well on the way to happiness. / However, what is still missing in both self-esteem and money / is productive work and a real contribution / towards the happiness of others. / The secret to happiness / lies in the contribution towards
the happiness of others. / You can fool others / but you can never fool yourself. / If you obtain wealth through luck / or dishonest means, / you will know / you did not earn it. / If you have taken advantage of / or hurt others to earn your wealth, / you will not be happy. / You will not like yourself. / You will not feel you are capable.
II.
Long-term happiness (1) is based on honest, productive work, contribution,
and self-esteem. Happiness is not (2) an end; it is a process. It is a continuous process of honest, productive work which (3) makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel like a worthwhile person. (4) As Dr. Wayne wrote, “There is no way to happiness. Happiness (5) is the way.” There is no use saying “Some day when I (6) achieve these goals, when I get this car, build this house and have this business ... then I will be really happy.” Life just does not work (7) that way. If you wait for certain things (8) to happen and depend on external circumstances of life to make (9) you happy, you will always feel unfulfilled. There will always be (10) something missing. Oral activities Giving a talk
Being an abstract notion, “happiness” defies easy definition. Most ordinary people, though failing to define happiness in clear terms, will not deny that they have experienced the feeling of happiness in their lives. Every one of us can recall some happy moments or events in our lives. Can you describe to your classmates at least one of such moments or events and proceed to present what happiness means to you? Hopefully, you will arrive at a definition of happiness of your own.
For reference:
1. You may use the following words or expressions in your talk:
love, pleasant, dream, goal, wealth, enjoy, family reunion, excitement,
possession, blessing, beauty, sweet, satisfaction, relaxation, success, meaningful pursuit, precious, touching, obtain, good mood, satisfy desire 2. You may want to give the definition of happiness as follows:
— Happiness means one can enjoy every day with good health.
— Happiness means you have someone to love and you are loved by someone. — Happiness lies in the joy of achievement.
Having a discussion
In this essay two kinds of happiness are discussed, i.e. materialistic and spiritual, such as the kind represented typically by the advertisements and by the holy man of India respectively. Now divide yourselves into two groups, each in favor of one of these two concepts of happiness, and argue for the stand you take.